hermes-agent/website/docs/developer-guide/architecture.md

---
sidebar_position: 1
title: "Architecture"
description: "Hermes Agent internals — major subsystems, execution paths, data flow, and where to read next"
---

# Architecture

This page is the top-level map of Hermes Agent internals. Use it to orient yourself in the codebase, then dive into subsystem-specific docs for implementation details.

## System Overview

```text
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                        Entry Points                                  │
│                                                                      │
│  CLI (cli.py)    Gateway (gateway/run.py)    ACP (acp_adapter/)     │
│  Batch Runner    API Server                  Python Library          │
└──────────┬──────────────┬───────────────────────┬────────────────────┘
           │              │                       │
           ▼              ▼                       ▼
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                     AIAgent (run_agent.py)                           │
│                                                                      │
│  ┌──────────────┐ ┌──────────────┐ ┌──────────────┐                │
│  │ Prompt        │ │ Provider     │ │ Tool         │                │
│  │ Builder       │ │ Resolution   │ │ Dispatch     │                │
│  │ (prompt_      │ │ (runtime_    │ │ (model_      │                │
│  │  builder.py)  │ │  provider.py)│ │  tools.py)   │                │
│  └──────┬───────┘ └──────┬───────┘ └──────┬───────┘                │
│         │                │                │                          │
│  ┌──────┴───────┐ ┌──────┴───────┐ ┌──────┴───────┐                │
│  │ Compression  │ │ 3 API Modes  │ │ Tool Registry│                │
│  │ & Caching    │ │ chat_compl.  │ │ (registry.py)│                │
│  │              │ │ codex_resp.  │ │ 47 tools     │                │
│  │              │ │ anthropic    │ │ 37 toolsets   │                │
│  └──────────────┘ └──────────────┘ └──────────────┘                │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
           │                                    │
           ▼                                    ▼
┌───────────────────┐              ┌──────────────────────┐
│ Session Storage   │              │ Tool Backends         │
│ (SQLite + FTS5)   │              │ Terminal (6 backends) │
│ hermes_state.py   │              │ Browser (5 backends)  │
│ gateway/session.py│              │ Web (4 backends)      │
└───────────────────┘              │ MCP (dynamic)         │
                                   │ File, Vision, etc.    │
                                   └──────────────────────┘
```

## Directory Structure

```text
hermes-agent/
├── run_agent.py              # AIAgent — core conversation loop (~9,200 lines)
├── cli.py                    # HermesCLI — interactive terminal UI (~8,500 lines)
├── model_tools.py            # Tool discovery, schema collection, dispatch
├── toolsets.py               # Tool groupings and platform presets
├── hermes_state.py           # SQLite session/state database with FTS5
├── hermes_constants.py       # HERMES_HOME, profile-aware paths
├── batch_runner.py           # Batch trajectory generation
│
├── agent/                    # Agent internals
│   ├── prompt_builder.py     # System prompt assembly
│   ├── context_compressor.py # Conversation compression algorithm
│   ├── prompt_caching.py     # Anthropic prompt caching
│   ├── auxiliary_client.py   # Auxiliary LLM for side tasks (vision, summarization)
│   ├── model_metadata.py     # Model context lengths, token estimation
│   ├── models_dev.py         # models.dev registry integration
│   ├── anthropic_adapter.py  # Anthropic Messages API format conversion
│   ├── display.py            # KawaiiSpinner, tool preview formatting
│   ├── skill_commands.py     # Skill slash commands
│   ├── memory_store.py       # Persistent memory read/write
│   └── trajectory.py         # Trajectory saving helpers
│
├── hermes_cli/               # CLI subcommands and setup
│   ├── main.py               # Entry point — all `hermes` subcommands (~4,200 lines)
│   ├── config.py             # DEFAULT_CONFIG, OPTIONAL_ENV_VARS, migration
│   ├── commands.py           # COMMAND_REGISTRY — central slash command definitions
│   ├── auth.py               # PROVIDER_REGISTRY, credential resolution
│   ├── runtime_provider.py   # Provider → api_mode + credentials
│   ├── models.py             # Model catalog, provider model lists
│   ├── model_switch.py       # /model command logic (CLI + gateway shared)
│   ├── setup.py              # Interactive setup wizard (~3,500 lines)
│   ├── skin_engine.py        # CLI theming engine
│   ├── skills_config.py      # hermes skills — enable/disable per platform
│   ├── skills_hub.py         # /skills slash command
│   ├── tools_config.py       # hermes tools — enable/disable per platform
│   ├── plugins.py            # PluginManager — discovery, loading, hooks
│   ├── callbacks.py          # Terminal callbacks (clarify, sudo, approval)
│   └── gateway.py            # hermes gateway start/stop
│
├── tools/                    # Tool implementations (one file per tool)
│   ├── registry.py           # Central tool registry
│   ├── approval.py           # Dangerous command detection
│   ├── terminal_tool.py      # Terminal orchestration
│   ├── process_registry.py   # Background process management
│   ├── file_tools.py         # read_file, write_file, patch, search_files
│   ├── web_tools.py          # web_search, web_extract
│   ├── browser_tool.py       # 11 browser automation tools
│   ├── code_execution_tool.py # execute_code sandbox
│   ├── delegate_tool.py      # Subagent delegation
│   ├── mcp_tool.py           # MCP client (~1,050 lines)
│   ├── credential_files.py   # File-based credential passthrough
│   ├── env_passthrough.py    # Env var passthrough for sandboxes
│   ├── ansi_strip.py         # ANSI escape stripping
│   └── environments/         # Terminal backends (local, docker, ssh, modal, daytona, singularity)
│
├── gateway/                  # Messaging platform gateway
│   ├── run.py                # GatewayRunner — message dispatch (~5,800 lines)
│   ├── session.py            # SessionStore — conversation persistence
│   ├── delivery.py           # Outbound message delivery
│   ├── pairing.py            # DM pairing authorization
│   ├── hooks.py              # Hook discovery and lifecycle events
│   ├── mirror.py             # Cross-session message mirroring
│   ├── status.py             # Token locks, profile-scoped process tracking
│   ├── builtin_hooks/        # Always-registered hooks
│   └── platforms/            # 14 adapters: telegram, discord, slack, whatsapp,
│                             #   signal, matrix, mattermost, email, sms,
│                             #   dingtalk, feishu, wecom, homeassistant, webhook
│
├── acp_adapter/              # ACP server (VS Code / Zed / JetBrains)
├── cron/                     # Scheduler (jobs.py, scheduler.py)
├── plugins/memory/           # Memory provider plugins
├── environments/             # RL training environments (Atropos)
├── skills/                   # Bundled skills (always available)
├── optional-skills/          # Official optional skills (install explicitly)
├── website/                  # Docusaurus documentation site
└── tests/                    # Pytest suite (~3,000+ tests)
```

## Data Flow

### CLI Session

```text
User input → HermesCLI.process_input()
  → AIAgent.run_conversation()
    → prompt_builder.build_system_prompt()
    → runtime_provider.resolve_runtime_provider()
    → API call (chat_completions / codex_responses / anthropic_messages)
    → tool_calls? → model_tools.handle_function_call() → loop
    → final response → display → save to SessionDB
```

### Gateway Message

```text
Platform event → Adapter.on_message() → MessageEvent
  → GatewayRunner._handle_message()
    → authorize user
    → resolve session key
    → create AIAgent with session history
    → AIAgent.run_conversation()
    → deliver response back through adapter
```

### Cron Job

```text
Scheduler tick → load due jobs from jobs.json
  → create fresh AIAgent (no history)
  → inject attached skills as context
  → run job prompt
  → deliver response to target platform
  → update job state and next_run
```

## Recommended Reading Order

If you are new to the codebase:

1. **This page** — orient yourself
2. **[Agent Loop Internals](./agent-loop.md)** — how AIAgent works
3. **[Prompt Assembly](./prompt-assembly.md)** — system prompt construction
4. **[Provider Runtime Resolution](./provider-runtime.md)** — how providers are selected
5. **[Adding Providers](./adding-providers.md)** — practical guide to adding a new provider
6. **[Tools Runtime](./tools-runtime.md)** — tool registry, dispatch, environments
7. **[Session Storage](./session-storage.md)** — SQLite schema, FTS5, session lineage
8. **[Gateway Internals](./gateway-internals.md)** — messaging platform gateway
9. **[Context Compression & Prompt Caching](./context-compression-and-caching.md)** — compression and caching
10. **[ACP Internals](./acp-internals.md)** — IDE integration
11. **[Environments, Benchmarks & Data Generation](./environments.md)** — RL training

## Major Subsystems

### Agent Loop

The synchronous orchestration engine (`AIAgent` in `run_agent.py`). Handles provider selection, prompt construction, tool execution, retries, fallback, callbacks, compression, and persistence. Supports three API modes for different provider backends.

→ [Agent Loop Internals](./agent-loop.md)

### Prompt System

Prompt construction and maintenance across the conversation lifecycle:

- **`prompt_builder.py`** — Assembles the system prompt from: personality (SOUL.md), memory (MEMORY.md, USER.md), skills, context files (AGENTS.md, .hermes.md), tool-use guidance, and model-specific instructions
- **`prompt_caching.py`** — Applies Anthropic cache breakpoints for prefix caching
- **`context_compressor.py`** — Summarizes middle conversation turns when context exceeds thresholds

→ [Prompt Assembly](./prompt-assembly.md), [Context Compression & Prompt Caching](./context-compression-and-caching.md)

### Provider Resolution

A shared runtime resolver used by CLI, gateway, cron, ACP, and auxiliary calls. Maps `(provider, model)` tuples to `(api_mode, api_key, base_url)`. Handles 18+ providers, OAuth flows, credential pools, and alias resolution.

→ [Provider Runtime Resolution](./provider-runtime.md)

### Tool System

Central tool registry (`tools/registry.py`) with 47 registered tools across 20 toolsets. Each tool file self-registers at import time. The registry handles schema collection, dispatch, availability checking, and error wrapping. Terminal tools support 6 backends (local, Docker, SSH, Daytona, Modal, Singularity).

→ [Tools Runtime](./tools-runtime.md)

### Session Persistence

SQLite-based session storage with FTS5 full-text search. Sessions have lineage tracking (parent/child across compressions), per-platform isolation, and atomic writes with contention handling.

→ [Session Storage](./session-storage.md)

### Messaging Gateway

Long-running process with 14 platform adapters, unified session routing, user authorization (allowlists + DM pairing), slash command dispatch, hook system, cron ticking, and background maintenance.

→ [Gateway Internals](./gateway-internals.md)

### Plugin System

Three discovery sources: `~/.hermes/plugins/` (user), `.hermes/plugins/` (project), and pip entry points. Plugins register tools, hooks, and CLI commands through a context API. Memory providers are a specialized plugin type under `plugins/memory/`.

→ [Plugin Guide](/docs/guides/build-a-hermes-plugin), [Memory Provider Plugin](./memory-provider-plugin.md)

### Cron

First-class agent tasks (not shell tasks). Jobs store in JSON, support multiple schedule formats, can attach skills and scripts, and deliver to any platform.

→ [Cron Internals](./cron-internals.md)

### ACP Integration

Exposes Hermes as an editor-native agent over stdio/JSON-RPC for VS Code, Zed, and JetBrains.

→ [ACP Internals](./acp-internals.md)

### RL / Environments / Trajectories

Full environment framework for evaluation and RL training. Integrates with Atropos, supports multiple tool-call parsers, and generates ShareGPT-format trajectories.

→ [Environments, Benchmarks & Data Generation](./environments.md), [Trajectories & Training Format](./trajectory-format.md)

## Design Principles

| Principle | What it means in practice |
|-----------|--------------------------|
| **Prompt stability** | System prompt doesn't change mid-conversation. No cache-breaking mutations except explicit user actions (`/model`). |
| **Observable execution** | Every tool call is visible to the user via callbacks. Progress updates in CLI (spinner) and gateway (chat messages). |
| **Interruptible** | API calls and tool execution can be cancelled mid-flight by user input or signals. |
| **Platform-agnostic core** | One AIAgent class serves CLI, gateway, ACP, batch, and API server. Platform differences live in the entry point, not the agent. |
| **Loose coupling** | Optional subsystems (MCP, plugins, memory providers, RL environments) use registry patterns and check_fn gating, not hard dependencies. |
| **Profile isolation** | Each profile (`hermes -p <name>`) gets its own HERMES_HOME, config, memory, sessions, and gateway PID. Multiple profiles run concurrently. |

## File Dependency Chain

```text
tools/registry.py  (no deps — imported by all tool files)
       ↑
tools/*.py  (each calls registry.register() at import time)
       ↑
model_tools.py  (imports tools/registry + triggers tool discovery)
       ↑
run_agent.py, cli.py, batch_runner.py, environments/
```

This chain means tool registration happens at import time, before any agent instance is created. Adding a new tool requires an import in `model_tools.py`'s `_discover_tools()` list.