diff --git a/training/tests/test_provenance.py b/training/tests/test_provenance.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..053d6022
--- /dev/null
+++ b/training/tests/test_provenance.py
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Tests for training_pair_provenance.py"""
+import json, tempfile, unittest
+from pathlib import Path
+import sys, os
+sys.path.insert(0, os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "..", ".."))
+from training.training_pair_provenance import ProvenanceTracker, load_jsonl, write_jsonl
+
+
+class TestAnnotate(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_annotate_adds_required_fields(self):
+        t = ProvenanceTracker()
+        p = {"conversations": [{"from": "human", "value": "hi"}]}
+        r = t.annotate(p, source="trajectory", model="hermes4:14b", session_id="s1")
+        m = r["provenance"]
+        self.assertEqual(m["source"], "trajectory")
+        self.assertEqual(m["model"], "hermes4:14b")
+        self.assertTrue(m["approved"])
+        self.assertNotEqual(m["timestamp"], "")
+
+    def test_exclude_sets_flag(self):
+        t = ProvenanceTracker()
+        p = {"conversations": []}
+        t.annotate(p, source="trajectory", model="hermes4:14b")
+        r = t.exclude(p, "quality_filter")
+        self.assertTrue(r["provenance"]["excluded"])
+        self.assertFalse(r["provenance"]["approved"])
+
+    def test_backfill_adds_provenance(self):
+        t = ProvenanceTracker()
+        p = {"conversations": []}
+        r = t.backfill(p, source="backfill", model="unknown")
+        self.assertEqual(r["provenance"]["source"], "backfill")
+
+
+class TestValidate(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_valid_pair(self):
+        t = ProvenanceTracker()
+        p = {"provenance": {"source": "curated", "model": "timmy-curated", "timestamp": "2026-01-01", "source_session_id": "c1", "approved": True}}
+        self.assertEqual(t.validate(p), [])
+
+    def test_missing_provenance(self):
+        t = ProvenanceTracker()
+        self.assertTrue(any("missing" in e for e in t.validate({"conversations": []})))
+
+    def test_missing_field(self):
+        t = ProvenanceTracker()
+        p = {"provenance": {"source": "curated", "model": "timmy-curated", "timestamp": "2026-01-01", "approved": True}}
+        self.assertTrue(any("source_session_id" in e for e in t.validate(p)))
+
+    def test_excluded_no_reason(self):
+        t = ProvenanceTracker()
+        p = {"provenance": {"source": "curated", "model": "timmy-curated", "timestamp": "2026-01-01", "source_session_id": "c1", "approved": True, "excluded": True}}
+        self.assertTrue(any("exclusion_reason" in e for e in t.validate(p)))
+
+
+class TestReport(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_report_counts(self):
+        t = ProvenanceTracker()
+        for i in range(5):
+            t.annotate({"conversations": []}, source="trajectory", model="hermes4:14b", session_id=f"s{i}")
+        for i in range(3):
+            t.annotate({"conversations": []}, source="curated", model="timmy-curated", session_id=f"c{i}")
+        r = t.report()
+        self.assertEqual(r["total"], 8)
+        self.assertEqual(r["approved"], 8)
+        self.assertEqual(r["by_source"]["trajectory"], 5)
+        self.assertEqual(r["by_source"]["curated"], 3)
+
+
+class TestBackfillFile(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_round_trip(self):
+        t = ProvenanceTracker()
+        with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(mode="w", suffix=".jsonl", delete=False) as f:
+            for i in range(3):
+                f.write(json.dumps({"conversations": [{"from": "human", "value": f"p{i}"}]}) + "
+")
+            p = Path(f.name)
+        try:
+            cnt = t.backfill_file(p, source="backfill", model="unknown")
+            self.assertEqual(cnt, 3)
+            loaded = load_jsonl(p)
+            for pair in loaded:
+                self.assertEqual(pair["provenance"]["source"], "backfill")
+        finally:
+            p.unlink()
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main(verbosity=2)