Long-form Video-to-Text Summarization using Recursive Language Models
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Abstract
Introduction
Related Work
Video-to-text Summarization
Long-form Video Understanding
Position of the Present Work
Recursive Video Language Summarization Model
Semantic Temporal Decomposition
REPL Environment and Recursive Video Queries
Adaptive Multimodal Tool Calling
Hierarchical Summary Aggregation
Evaluation Setup
Hardware
Datasets
Performance Metrics
Models
Auxiliary Modules
Main Results and Discussion
Peformance comparison (RQ1): Is RLM beneficial for LLM-based video-to-text summarization of long-form videos compared to non-recursive zero-shot baselines?
Choice of the Root-LLM: Proprietary vs. Opensource
Ablation study (RQ2): what are
the effects of the main RVLSMs’s components?
Semantic alignment (RQ3): are RVLSMs’s summaries closely aligned with human-generated ones?
LLM-as-a-Judge
Qualitative Analysis
Statistical Significance Tests
Conclusions and future work
Limitations
Routing Mechanism.
Dataset Availability.
Chunking Quality.
Annotation Sensitivity.
References
License: CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
arXiv:2610.26431v1 [cs.CV] 19 Oct 2026
Long-form Video-to-Text Summarization using Recursive Language Models
Alessia Intini
Lorenzo Vaiani
Enrico Chen
Luca Cagliero
Abstract
While VideoLLMs have made significant progress in understanding short video benchmarks, they often struggle to summarize long-form ones. This is mainly due to performance degradation caused by long-context prompts, the inherent difficulty of preserving temporal continuity and a lack of semantically rich concepts in event descriptions.
To tackle these issues, this paper introduces the first recursive Video Language Summarization Model (RVLSM) designed for video processing and tailored to long-form video-to-text summarization. RVLSM recursively decomposes videos into semantically coherent segments and delegates chunk-level reasoning to VideoLLM sub-models and external tools.
It employs (1) Semantic Temporal Decomposition (STD), which preserves temporal coherence and continuity
through a scene-aware chunking strategy that dynamically partitions videos according to semantic boundaries, and
(2) Adaptive Multimodal Tool Calling (AMTC), which ensures semantic richness of the summary via a routing mechanism that selectively invokes auxiliary modules such as action recognition, optical character recognition, automatic speech recognition, and object detection.
Experiments on the VideoXum and MixTyVSum benchmarks show that RVLSM consistently improves over zero-shot VideoLLM baselines across multiple model settings and performance metrics, and is competitive with a state-of-the-art fine-tuned model for video-to-text summarization. Importantly, the named entities in the RVLSM’s summaries align more closely with those detected in the ground-truth summaries than those detected by baseline and state-of-the-art methods, confirming the saliency of the event descriptions it generates.
1Politecnico di Torino
{name.surname}@polito.it
Introduction
Figure 1: Sketch of the RVLSM paradigm. The Root-LLM decomposes the long video, recursively invokes Sub-LLMs and external tools (action recognition, object detection, etc.), and composes the summary from the intermediate outcomes.
Recent advances in VideoLLMs have significantly improved their understanding capabilities across different tasks, including video-to-text summarization. To create meaningful summaries of long-form videos,
models must identify and correlate key events and behaviors that occur over a
long period of time, which requires effectively capturing and
processing long-range temporal dependencies (Li et al. 2026).
Despite recent improvements, the performance of VideoLLMs on long-form videos is challenged by the following issues:
•
Information compression: long videos are frequently compressed through sparse frame sampling, temporal pooling, or fixed-duration chunking, forcing models to reason over aggressively condensed visual representations (Wang et al. 2025). While often sufficient for short clips, these strategies become increasingly problematic for long-horizon and dense-event videos.
•
Context saturation: LLMs are prone to hallucination and performance drops when their context window is largely filled (Zhang et al. 2024). Since the position of multimodal information also matters, this is typically exacerbated by the lost-in-the-middle issue.
•
Temporal coherence degradation: on videos spanning multiple scenes, subjects, or actions, VideoLLMs struggle to preserve the temporal continuity of the event structure and the semantic saliency of event descriptions. Long-form video-to-text summarization thus requires reasoning over temporally distributed events while maintaining chronological consistency and exhaustive coverage of the underlying concepts (Niu et al. 2025).
•
Limited semantic richness of the event descriptions: summaries typically mention the key events occurring in the video, but the semantic concepts in the textual descriptions are not necessarily aligned with human expectations (Cagliero et al. 2025).
To tackle the above issues, in this paper we present the first adaptation of the Recursive Language Models (RLMs) (Zhang et al. 2026) towards long-form video-to-text summarization.
RLM is a recently proposed inference paradigm for textual LLMs,
where long textual context is treated as an external object inside persistent Read-Eval-Print Loop (REPL) environments, allowing a root-LLM to
recursively invoke sub-VLLMs or external tools over portions of the input through programmatic decomposition.
Although they have proven to be effective in document summarization (Zhang et al. 2026), the existing framework is limited to the textual modality, overlooking the unique challenges of video-to-text summarization.
We present Recursive Video Language Summarization Models (RVLSMs), a recursive framework for long-form video-to-text summarization that extends the RLM paradigm to multimodal video reasoning. Importantly, the proposed approach is agnostic to the pretrained LLM used. RVLSM treats the input video as an external multimodal object and recursively summarizes semantically coherent video segments through VideoLLM sub-calls and external tools (see Figure 1). Unlike static multimodal augmentation pipelines, RVLSM employs a heuristic routing mechanism to select the appropriate analysis configuration for each chunk based on previously generated summaries, enabling sequential context-aware evidence acquisition across the video timeline.
Specifically, RVLSM employs (1) Semantic Temporal Decomposition (STD), which chunks videos according to scene transitions and additional contextual features to preserve temporal coherence, and (2) Adaptive Multimodal Tool Calling (AMTC), which calls auxiliary external tools for object detection, action recognition, automatic speech recognition and optical character recognition
through a programmable Root-LLM planner to ensure semantic richness of the summary.
RVLSM addresses information compression and context saturation via the RLM paradigm, temporal coherence degradation using the STD component, and lack of semantic richness of the summary using the AMTC component.
Using RVLSM, we address the following Research Questions: RQ1) Is RLM beneficial for LLM-based video-to-text summarization of long-form videos compared to non-recursive zero-shot baselines? (see the results in Table 1). RQ2) What are the effects of the main RVLSMs’s components? (see the ablation study in Figure 3 and Table 1). RQ3) Are the RVLSMs’s summaries more closely aligned with human-generated ones in terms of presence of different NLP entities? (see the results in Table 2).
The main paper contributions are summarized below:
•
We introduce the Recursive Video Language Summarization Model (RVLSM), a new recursive REPL-based framework for long-form video-to-text summarization agnostic to the pretrained LLMs used.
•
On two video benchmarks,
we demonstrate that the RVLSM consistently improves over zero-shot VideoLLM baselines across multiple model settings and performance metrics , and is competitive with a state-of-the-art fine-tuned model for video-to-text summarization (e.g., SBERT F1 on MixtyVSum: RVLSM 0.64 vs. Baseline non-recursive 0.57 vs. V2Xum Baseline 0.44).
•
We show RVLSM’s summaries align more closely with those detected in the ground-truth summaries than those detected by baseline and state-of-the-art methods (e.g., F1 MicroAverage on MixtyTVSum: RVLSM 0.14 vs. Baseline non-recursive 0.07 vs. V2Xum Baseline 0.03), confirming the saliency of the event descriptions the model produces.
Related Work
Video-to-text Summarization
Video-to-text summarization has traditionally focused on extractive methods that select key frames or representative clips from long videos (Gong et al. 2014; Zhang et al. 2016; Lin et al. 2022). More recent approaches have introduced reinforcement learning for learning compact video representations (Zhou et al. 2018; Wang et al. 2024). With the emergence of video LLMs, recent methods have shifted toward abstractive video-to-text summarization, directly generating natural language descriptions from visual and multimodal inputs (Mu et al. 2024; Cagliero et al. 2025; Lee et al. 2025; Hua et al. 2025). Despite strong performance on short videos, current VideoLLMs remain constrained by limited temporal context windows and typically rely on sparse frame sampling or fixed temporal compression strategies.
Long-form Video Understanding
Recent work has studied how to extend VideoLLMs capabilities to longer temporal horizons
through memory modules, hierarchical architectures, sparse attention mechanisms,
or temporal compression strategies (Wu et al. 2024; Song et al. 2024; Wang et al. 2026). Hierarchical summarization pipelines commonly split long videos into fixed-duration segments before independently summarizing each chunk (Pennec et al. 2026).
Although effective in reducing memory usage, fixed chunking may fragment semantically
coherent events across temporal boundaries. RVLSM, instead, performs scene-aware
temporal decomposition through dynamic scene-based chunking, enabling recursive
reasoning over semantically coherent video segments.
Position of the Present Work
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to apply RLMs to long-context inputs in the video modality, targeting video-to-text summarization because its programmatic and recursive nature can overcome the aforementioned limitations.
Recursive Video Language Summarization Model
Given a base VideoLLM MM with limited temporal context capacity, a Recursive Video Language Summarization Model (RVLSM) is an inference-time scaffold around MM that treats the input video as part of an external environment while preserving the ability to densely process its temporal structure through recursive sub-calls. Given an input video
V={f1,f2,…,fT},V=\{f_{1},f_{2},\dots,f_{T}\},
where fif_{i} denotes the it​hi_{th} video frame and its associated audio stream, RVLSM interacts with a persistent REPL environment EE to generate an abstractive summary SS.
According to the RLM paradigm, instead of directly loading the entire video into the context window of a VideoLLM, RVLSM stores the video as an external object inside the REPL environment. The Root-LLM recursively decomposes the input video into semantically coherent temporal regions and delegates chunk-level summarization to sub-LLM calls.
Algorithm 1 describes the overall execution process. Given a video VV,
RVLSM initializes a REPL environment containing the input video together with functions
for scene-aware chunking, recursive VideoLLM querying, and multimodal tool execution.
The Root-LLM iteratively dispatches sub-calls to VideoLLM sub-models, collecting chunk-level summaries, and finally aggregates them into a single coherent abstractive summary.
Algorithm 1 Recursive Video Language Summarization Model
1:
Input video VV, query qq
2:
Final summary SS
3:
E←InitREPL⁡(V)E\leftarrow\mathrm{InitREPL}(V)
4:
E←AddFunctions⁡(E)E\leftarrow\mathrm{AddFunctions}(E)
5:
(c1,…,cN)←ChunkVideoByScenes⁡(V)(c_{1},\ldots,c_{N})\leftarrow\mathrm{ChunkVideoByScenes}(V)
6:
𝒮←[]\mathcal{S}\leftarrow[\,]
7:
for i=1,…,Ni=1,\ldots,N do
8:
if i=1i=1 then
9:
ri←EnrichedVideoQuery⁡(ci,q)r_{i}\leftarrow\mathrm{EnrichedVideoQuery(c_{i},q)}
10:
else
11:
ri←AdaptiveToolSelector⁡(si−1)r_{i}\leftarrow\mathrm{AdaptiveToolSelector}(s_{i-1})
12:
si←ri​(ci,q)s_{i}\leftarrow r_{i}(c_{i},q)
13:
𝒮←𝒮|[si]\mathcal{S}\leftarrow\mathcal{S}\,\|\,[s_{i}]
14:
S←RootLLM⁡(𝒮,q)S\leftarrow\mathrm{RootLLM}(\mathcal{S},q)
15:
return SS
RVLSM introduces two key modifications tailored to long-video understanding: scene-aware Semantic Temporal Decomposition (STD) and Adaptive Multimodal Tool Calling (AMTC).
Semantic Temporal Decomposition
Unlike standard fixed-duration chunking, the STD module performs an adaptive scene-based segmentation of the video.
Given an input video VV, the chunking module produces a sequence of chunks:
V={c1,c2,…,cN}V=\{c_{1},c_{2},\dots,c_{N}\}
where each chunk cic_{i} corresponds to a scene-consistent temporal segment. A minimum chunk duration of 30 seconds is enforced, ensuring that no segment is too short to carry meaningful semantic content. All chunks are
temporally disjoint, chronologically ordered, and exhaustive over the input video.
REPL Environment and Recursive Video Queries
RVLSM operates inside a persistent Python REPL environment containing the input video and a collection of executable functions. The environment exposes functions for retrieving video metadata, performing scene-aware semantic temporal decomposition, querying VideoLLMs, and extracting multimodal signals from video chunks. The Root-LLM interacts with the environment iteratively by generating executable Python code. Intermediate summaries and tool outputs are stored as variables inside the REPL, allowing subsequent recursive calls to access previously computed information.
For each chunk cic_{i}, RVLSM invokes a sub-VLLM:
si=ℳs​u​b​(ci,qi,ki),s_{i}=\mathcal{M}_{sub}(c_{i},q_{i},k_{i}),
where ℳs​u​b\mathcal{M}_{sub} denotes the sub-VLLM, qiq_{i} is the chunk-specific summarization query, and kik_{i} denotes optional multimodal information extracted
through external tools. Experiments focus on a single recursive level in which the Root-LLM delegates chunk-level summarization to VideoLLM sub-calls. The framework generalizes to deeper recursive hierarchies over temporal sub-events.
Adaptive Multimodal Tool Calling
To complement recursive calls to VideoLLMs, RVLSM augments chunk-level analysis through external tools specialized for video understanding.
The REPL environment provides access to auxiliary multimodal analysis functions that extract semantic signals from each video chunk.
Specifically, RVLSM can invoke object detection, action recognition, automatic speech recognition (ASR), and Optical Character Recognition (OCR). The extracted knowledge is injected into the VideoLLM sub-model prompt alongside the video chunk, providing structured perceptual grounding that enhances the quality of the generated chunk-level summary.
Algorithm 2 AdaptiveToolSelector
1:
Previous chunk summary si−1s_{i-1}
2:
Video Query function rir_{i}
3:
𝒞←{actions,speech,text,objects}\mathcal{C}\leftarrow\{\text{actions},\text{speech},\text{text},\text{objects}\} ⊳\triangleright signal categories
4:
Rc←R_{c}\leftarrow predefined keyword root set, for each c∈𝒞c\in\mathcal{C}
5:
SingleModalityQuery←{\mathrm{SingleModalityQuery}\leftarrow\{
6:
actions→ActionQuery​(action recognition),\text{actions}\to\mathrm{ActionQuery}\ \text{(action recognition)},
7:
speech→ASRQuery​(automatic speech recognition),\text{speech}\to\mathrm{ASRQuery}\ \text{(automatic speech recognition)},
8:
text→OCRQuery​(optical character recognition),\text{text}\to\mathrm{OCRQuery}\ \text{(optical character recognition)},
9:
objects→ObjectQuery​(object detection)\text{objects}\to\mathrm{ObjectQuery}\ \text{(object detection)}
10:
}\}
11:
for c∈𝒞c\in\mathcal{C} do
12:
raw​[c]←|{r∈Rc:r⊆si−1}|\text{raw}[c]\leftarrow|\{r\in R_{c}:r\subseteq s_{i-1}\}| ⊳\triangleright keyword matches
13:
scores​[c]←raw​[c]/|Rc|\text{scores}[c]\leftarrow\text{raw}[c]\,/\,|R_{c}|
14:
total←∑c∈𝒞scores​[c]\text{total}\leftarrow\sum_{c\in\mathcal{C}}\text{scores}[c]
15:
top←arg⁡maxc∈𝒞​scores​[c]\text{top}\leftarrow\arg\max_{c\in\mathcal{C}}\text{scores}[c]
16:
if total=0\text{total}=0 or scores​[top]<0.05\text{scores}[\text{top}]<0.05 then
17:
return VideoQuery\mathrm{VideoQuery} ⊳\triangleright no specific category
18:
else if scores​[top]<0.6⋅total\text{scores}[\text{top}]<0.6\cdot\text{total} then
19:
return EnrichedVideoQuery\mathrm{EnrichedVideoQuery} ⊳\triangleright no dominant category
20:
else
21:
return SingleModalityQuery⁡(top)\mathrm{SingleModalityQuery}(\text{top}) ⊳\triangleright dominant category
Unlike static multimodal augmentation pipelines, RVLSM performs heuristic adaptive tool selection. The first chunk is analyzed using full multimodal extraction in order to establish an initial semantic context. For subsequent chunks the Root-LLM selects the appropriate analysis configuration based on the previous chunk summary:
ri=ℛ⁡(si−1),r_{i}=\mathcal{R}(s_{i-1}),
where ℛ\mathcal{R} denotes the routing mechanism.
The procedure described in Algorithm 2 focuses on the AdaptiveToolSelector. Each perceptual signal is associated with one of four categories (actions, speech,text, and objects) corresponding respectively to action recognition, automatic speech recognition, optical character recognition, and object detection. Every category is paired with a predefined set of representative keywords (its root set), against which the previous chunk summary si−1s_{i-1} is matched. A normalized keyword-matching score is then computed for each category by dividing the raw number of matches by the size of the corresponding keyword set, so that categories with larger keyword sets are not favored.
The selector defaults to VideoQuery when no signal is detected, to EnrichedVideoQuery when no category dominates, and to the corresponding SingleModalityQuery otherwise.
Hierarchical Summary Aggregation
After all chunks have been recursively summarized, the Root-LLM aggregates the local
summaries into a single global summary. Let
𝒮={s1,s2,…,sN}\mathcal{S}=\{s_{1},s_{2},\dots,s_{N}\}
be the ordered set of chunk summaries produced by the recursive VideoLLM calls.
The Root-LLM receives the complete sequence 𝒮\mathcal{S} and synthesizes a final
abstractive summary:
S=ℳr​o​o​t​(s1,s2,…,sN).S=\mathcal{M}_{root}(s_{1},s_{2},\dots,s_{N}).
The Root-LLM is directed to maintain chronological order and consistency in the final summary.
Evaluation Setup
Hardware
All experiments were run on a machine equipped with an Intel® CoreTM
i9-10980XE CPU, 1×1\times NVIDIA®
A40 48GB GPU, 128128 GB of RAM running Ubuntu 22.0422.04 LTS.
The overall cost is approximately 1,400 GPU hours,
with several runs across various combinations of dataset, model, and setting.
On average, each run consumes approximately 9.09.0M input tokens
and ∼200{\sim}200K output tokens, resulting in an average API cost
of $5.58\$5.58 per run across all tested models and datasets.
Datasets
We evaluate RVLSM on two long video-to-text summarization benchmarks: VideoXum (Lin et al. 2024) and MixTyVSum (Cagliero et al. 2025). VideoXum focuses on holistic narrative summarization of open-domain videos, while MixTyVSum emphasizes dense event-centric summarization with temporal and spatial annotations. Following our long-video setting, we restrict VideoXum to videos longer than 230 seconds and we removed MSVD(Hendria 2025) videos from MixTyVSum, because they are all shorter than 20 seconds. Additional details are provided in the Supplementary Document.
Performance Metrics
We compare the generated summaries with the ground truth using the F1-Score values of the following established metrics: ROUGE-1, ROUGE-2, ROUGE-L (Lin 2004) and SBERT (Reimers and Gurevych 2019), computed as the cosine similarity between the Sentence-BERT embeddings of the generated and reference summaries. We further report METEOR (Banerjee and Lavie 2005), BLEU-4 (Papineni et al. 2002), and CIDEr (Oliveira dos Santos et al. 2021), three metrics commonly adopted for video captioning and summarization evaluation.
For the Named Entity Recognition analysis, we report Precision, Recall, and F1 score. More details in the Supplementary Document.
Aggregated values are computed as the micro-average over TP, FP, and FN across entity types.
Models
Following the RLM paradigm (Zhang et al. 2026), our pipeline distinguishes between two types of models. The Root-LLM is a coding-oriented LLM acting as the main orchestrator: it decomposes the input,
manages intermediate variables, and dispatches sub-calls within the REPL
environment. The sub-LLM is, in our context, a multimodal Video LLM invoked recursively
by the root-LLM to process individual video segments and return structured descriptions.
We experimented with two root-LLMs (GPT-5.4 (Singh et al. 2026) and
Qwen3-Coder-480B-A35B (Qwen Team 2025)) and four sub-LLMs (Molmo2-8B (Clark et al. 2026), Qwen3-VL-8B-Instruct, Qwen/Qwen3-VL-30B-Instruct (Bai et al. 2025), and Qwen/Qwen3-Omni-30B-A3B-Instruct (Xu et al. 2025)).
Further details are given in the Supplementary Document.
Auxiliary Modules
For Named Entity Recognition we use SpaCy (Honnibal et al. 2020) (en_core_web_sm model).
For scene-aware STD we use PySceneDetect (Castellano 2014).
Object-level semantic signals are extracted using YOLOv8 (Jocher and Qiu 2023) pretrained on the COCO dataset, applied every 10 frames.
Action-level semantic evidence is obtained through MMAction2 (MMAction2 Contributors 2020) using a TSN model (ResNet-50, Kinetics-400), retaining only predictions above a confidence threshold of 0.800.80.
Automatic speech recognition is extracted using Whisper (Radford et al. 2022) (medium variant), and optical character recognition is detected using EasyOCR (AI 2020).
Main Results and Discussion
Peformance comparison (RQ1): Is RLM beneficial for LLM-based video-to-text summarization of long-form videos compared to non-recursive zero-shot baselines?
Table 1 reports the main summarization results on MixTyVSum and VideoXum across the different sub-VLLM settings.
Recursive video-to-text summarization outperforms the monolithic zero-shot baselines, demonstrating the benefit of STD for long videos. In fact, on MixTyVSum, the strongest performance is obtained by RVLSM with STD paired with Qwen3-Omni-30B, which achieves the highest ROUGE-1, ROUGE-2, and ROUGE-L scores; on VideoXum, RVLSM with Qwen3-VL-30B yields the best results overall, attaining both the highest ROUGE scores and the highest SBERT similarity. METEOR follows the same ordering as ROUGE across both benchmarks, corroborating this ranking.
The comparison with the fine-tuned V2Xum-LLaMA-7B (Hua et al. 2025) is informative for assessing generalization. On VideoXum, on which it was optimized, the fine-tuned model retains an advantage on surface-overlap metrics, yet the best zero-shot RVLSM configuration still surpasses it on ROUGE-1, METEOR, and, most notably, on SBERT similarity (0.6380 vs. 0.5573), indicating that recursive summarization captures the semantics of the reference summaries even without task-specific training. On MixTyVSum the picture reverses: the fine-tuned model falls below the zero-shot sub-VLLMs on nearly all metrics, whereas RVLSM improves over both baselines by a wide margin. This suggests that a model tuned to a single summarization distribution transfers poorly across benchmarks, while the recursive approach generalizes robustly.
Choice of the Root-LLM: Proprietary vs. Opensource
The choice of Root-LLM markedly affects recursive summarization quality. Figure 2 shows, for each combination of sub-VLLM and metric, the differences in performance scores between using GPT-5.4 and Qwen-480B as Root-LLM, under both fixed-duration (w/o STD) and scene-aware (w/ STD) decomposition. Results show that the peformance is roughly comparable, underscoring the practical advantages of using opensource tools.
Sub-VLLM
Method
R1F1 ↑\uparrow
R2F1 ↑\uparrow
RLF1 ↑\uparrow
SBERT ↑\uparrow
METEOR ↑\uparrow
BLEU-4 ↑\uparrow
CIDEr ↑\uparrow
MixTyVSum dataset
Fine-Tuned Baseline
V2Xum-LLaMA-7B (Fine-Tuned)
0.2115
0.0392
0.1603
0.4463
0.1092
0.0043
0.0152
Zero-Shot Baselines
Molmo2-8B
0.3212
0.0694
0.2018
0.5445
0.1416
0.0124
0.0260
Qwen3-VL-8B
0.2669
0.0504
0.1797
0.5664
0.1245
0.0169
0.0474
Qwen3-Omni-30B
0.2946
0.0682
0.1947
0.5788
0.1624
0.0137
0.0435
Qwen3-VL-30B
0.3132
0.0736
0.2057
0.5794
0.1538
0.0146
0.0459
RVLSM (ours)
Qwen3-Omni-30B
w/ STD
0.3606
0.0920
0.2298
0.5859
0.1527
0.0149
0.0542
+MTC
0.3233
0.0719
0.2083
0.5778
0.1737
0.0130
0.0536
+AMTC
0.3068
0.0643
0.1924
0.6063
0.1652
0.0120
0.0570
Qwen3-VL-30B
w/ STD
0.3234
0.0753
0.2113
0.5958
0.1547
0.0121
0.0513
+MTC
0.3303
0.0803
0.2142
0.6149
0.1724
0.0140
0.0568
+AMTC
0.3192
0.0683
0.2051
0.6401
0.1801
0.0146
0.0531
VideoXum dataset
Fine-Tuned Baseline
V2Xum-LLaMA-7B (F.T.)
0.3228
0.1016
0.2475
0.5573
0.1826
0.0292
0.1386
Zero-Shot Baselines
Molmo2-8B
0.2860
0.0651
0.1843
0.5975
0.1920
0.0142
0.0208
Qwen3-VL-8B
0.2761
0.0428
0.1840
0.5799
0.1558
0.0122
0.0478
Qwen3-Omni-30B
0.3041
0.0606
0.2001
0.5949
0.1913
0.0146
0.0344
Qwen3-VL-30B
0.3230
0.0715
0.2154
0.6053
0.1958
0.0224
0.0544
RVLSM (ours)
Qwen3-Omni-30B
w/ STD
0.3035
0.0584
0.2011
0.5911
0.1806
0.0143
0.0681
+MTC
0.2929
0.0497
0.1962
0.5840
0.1552
0.0108
0.0506
+AMTC
0.2815
0.0449
0.1929
0.6010
0.1912
0.0121
0.0356
Qwen3-VL-30B
w/ STD
0.3326
0.0745
0.2257
0.6380
0.2023
0.0176
0.0739
+MTC
0.3024
0.0571
0.2077
0.6094
0.1589
0.0124
0.0714
+AMTC
0.3100
0.0595
0.2031
0.6134
0.1873
0.0132
0.0532
Table 1: Performance comparison between RVLSM (ours), the traditional (non-recursive) VideoLLM baselines, and the recently proposed V2Xum model (Hua et al. 2025) fine-tuned on VideoXum. The RVLSM block reports the recursive pipeline with scene-aware STD, and its combination with multimodal tool calling (STD+MTC) and adaptive multimodal tool calling (STD+AMTC), across two representative Sub-VLLMs.
Figure 2: Proprietary and open-source Root-LLM: performance gap between GPT-5.4 and Qwen-480B across datasets and settings (w/ and w/o STD).
(a)
(b)
Figure 3: SBERT comparison on MixTyVSum and VideoXum (a) and across the MixTyVSum subsets (b).
Ablation study (RQ2): what are
the effects of the main RVLSMs’s components?
We examine the role of Adaptive Multimodal Tool Calling (AMTC) by comparing three scenarios: RVLSM+STD, which employs scene-aware decomposition without multimodal tool integration; RVLSM+MTC, which uses multimodal tools but not adaptively; and RVLSM+AMTC, which employs multimodal tools adaptively. Table 1 reports the performance of the two sub-VLLMs under these strategies, and Figure 3(a) summarizes the corresponding SBERT behavior on the two benchmarks.
A clear divergence arises between the benchmarks due to differing annotation styles. On MixTyVSum, which features action-oriented and semantically dense summaries, adaptive injection enhances semantic quality (SBERT and METEOR).
However, this can lead to a decline in ROUGE scores, particularly for Qwen3-Omni-30B, which performs best with STD alone, indicating a trade-off between semantic detail and lexical overlap. Conversely, on VideoXum, where summaries are more generic, injection is largely ineffective, with RVLSM+STD achieving the best scores across most metrics for both sub-VLLMs.
Additionally, Figure 3(b) decomposes SBERT by source dataset and shows that the benefit of injection depends on how well STD alone already captures the video content. On structured, procedural subsets such as EpicKitchens and SumMe, STD is already strong and injection yields no gain or a marginal drop; on more diverse subsets such as TVSum and ActivityNet, adaptive injection provides substantial improvements (TVSum: STD=0.551 to AMTC=0.701; ActivityNet: STD=0.575 to AMTC=0.655). Across all four subsets, RVLSM+AMTC consistently outperforms RVLSM+MTC, and its advantage is largest precisely in the structured domains where indiscriminate injection is most harmful (EpicKitchens: MTC=0.577 to AMTC=0.600; SumMe: MTC=0.577 to AMTC=0.611). This confirms the benefit of adaptive tool selection over unconditional invocation: applying every multimodal analysis regardless of context introduces noise that offsets, and in structured domains, outweighs the benefit of the injected signal.
Semantic alignment (RQ3): are RVLSMs’s summaries closely aligned with human-generated ones?
We empirically verify whether the RVLSM’s summaries are more closely aligned with human expectations
than baseline methods in terms of NLP entities retrieved in the ground-truth summary.
The core idea is to verify the semantic alignment in terms of matching with semantically rich concepts.
Table 2 reports the Precision, Recall, and F1 MicroAverages separately for each entity type.
On MixTyVSum, RVLSM attains the best aggregate scores (F1=0.170 to 0.081 for the VideoLLM baseline) and leads on most entity types, including work_of_art, date, and person, where the baselines recover no entity. Overall, RVLSM recovers salient entities that surface-overlap metrics tend to overlook. We also evaluate extracted named entities on V2Xum-generated summaries. However, only a few cardinal are detected, leading to all zeros matric values for all other entities. More results are reported in the Supplementary Document.
Entity type
RVLSM (ours)
Baseline VideoLLM
P ↑\uparrow
R ↑\uparrow
F1 ↑\uparrow
P ↑\uparrow
R ↑\uparrow
F1 ↑\uparrow
CARDINAL
0.393
0.204
0.268
0.125
0.024
0.041
GPE
0.188
0.300
0.231
0.333
0.250
0.286
WORK_OF_ART
0.308
0.190
0.235
0.000
0.000
0.000
DATE
0.222
0.182
0.200
0.143
0.100
0.118
PERSON
0.128
0.312
0.182
0.000
0.000
0.000
EVENT
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
ORG
0.083
0.235
0.123
0.000
0.000
0.000
NORP
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.200
0.500
0.286
ORDINAL
0.167
0.027
0.047
1.000
0.031
0.061
FAC
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.500
1.000
0.667
Mean
0.170
0.170
0.170
0.136
0.058
0.081
Table 2: Precision, Recall, and F1 of the entities detected on MixTyVSum by RVLSM (GPT-5.4 root, Qwen3-VL-30B sub-model) and the VideoLLM baseline (same sub-model).
Best value per entity type and metric in bold.
LLM-as-a-Judge
To complement automatic metrics, an LLM-as-a-Judge A/B test (Zheng et al. 2023) is conducted using Gemini 3.1 Pro (gemini-3.1-pro-preview) across all three configurations Qwen3-VL-30B compared with the baseline. Results in Table 3 confirm the trends
observed through automatic metrics, with the use of STD and the AMTC achieving the best overall performance.
Selected Methods
Wins
Win %
RVLSMw/ STD
106
34.2%
RVLSMAMTC
91
29.2%
RVLSMw/o STD
69
22.2%
Baseline
45
14.4%
Table 3: LLM-as-a-Judge evaluation on the VideoXum and MixTyVSum datasets, using Qwen3-VL-30B as sub-VLLM and GPT-5.4 as Root-LLM.
Figure 4: A qualitative example from VideoXum showing the summaries generated by RVLSM w/STD + AMTC, compared to the zero-shot baseline and the ground truth
Qualitative Analysis
Figure 5: A qualitative example from MixTyVSum showing the summaries generated by RVLSM w/ STD + AMTC, compared to the zero-shot baseline and the ground truth.
This section presents two representative examples highlighting scenarios in which the RVLSM approach shows clear advantages over the baseline. Figure 4 reports the result generated from a sample video of the VideoXum dataset, where the RVLSM summary exploits OCR injection to accurately identify the on-screen information and the ASR transcript to detail the specific technique demonstrated. In contrast, the baseline produces a generic description that mentions neither the instructor’s identity nor the specific content, confirming that without recursive decomposition relevant information dispersed over time tends to be lost. A second case is shown in Figure 5, a summary generated from EpicKitchens as part of the MixTyVSum annotations. Here the baseline captures only a subset of ingredients and omits secondary activities such as dishwashing and table setting, whereas the RVLSM, leveraging its recursive structure, reconstructs the full sequence of events in close alignment with the ground truth. This example illustrates how the framework scales with video duration, yielding greater improvements as content becomes longer and more complex.
Statistical Significance Tests
To rank the summarizers on each benchmark, we apply the Borda Count re-ranking strategy (van Erp and Schomaker 2000), a group consensus function that merges the per-video rankings (231 for VideoXum, 60 for MixTyVSum) into a single one by assigning decreasing integer scores to each ranking and summing them. The RVLSM approaches w/ STD dominate on both benchmarks: on MixTyVSum, Qwen3-Omni-30B and Qwen3-VL-30B rank first and second (242 and 221) ahead of the best w/o STD model (205), and Qwen3-VL-30B leads on VideoXum.
Conclusions and future work
We introduced the recursive Video Language Summarization Model (RVLSM), which extends the RLM paradigm to long-video abstractive summarization through Semantic Temporal Decomposition (STD) and Adaptive Multimodal Tool Calling (AMTC). Across multiple VideoLLMs and benchmarks, RVLSM yields consistent improvements that grow with video duration, while our ablation shows that the value of knowledge injection depends on the informativeness of the visual signal, motivating adaptive rather than indiscriminate augmentation. Future work will explore deeper recursion, aggregating summaries over multiple hierarchical levels, and Deep Reinforcement Learning to mitigate specific limitations of the RLM approach.
Limitations
Despite promising results, our approach has several limitations that point to directions for future work.
Routing Mechanism.
The current routing relies on heuristic keyword matching; more principled alternatives, such as learned or reinforcement-learning-based routing optimized for summarization quality, are a promising direction.
Dataset Availability.
The benefits of RVLSM would likely be more pronounced on longer videos, yet benchmarks with very long videos and high-quality reference summaries remain scarce due to the annotation effort required.
Chunking Quality.
Visual scene detection may yield semantically incoherent segments when transitions are subtle, as in egocentric videos; multimodal boundary detection combining visual, audio, and action signals could mitigate this.
Annotation Sensitivity.
Evaluation depends on the annotation style of the reference summaries: generic and event-driven ones respond very differently to knowledge injection, suggesting that standard metrics may not assess model quality in an annotation-agnostic way.
Ethics, risks, and Generative AI Statement
The video data and annotations used in this work were obtained from third-party sources and do not introduce ethical concerns, such as unethical or offensive content, related to the input data. Due to the non-deterministic nature of the generative process, we cannot ensure that the summarized outputs are free of hallucination. However, the output summaries have been reviewed by at least two PhD-level researchers prior to the final evaluation. Generative AI was used as a research engine and its outputs were carefully reviewed by the authors; minor AI support also includes writing suggestions such as grammar corrections. The project code is publicly available under the CC BY-NC license. Part of the project builds upon the original RLM architecture (Zhang et al. 2026); credits to the owner, changes, and specific settings are reported in the code repository.
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