Merge pull request #11 from NousResearch/simplify-terminal

Add simple terminal

batch_runner.py

@@ -98,10 +98,9 @@ def _extract_tool_stats(messages: List[Dict[str, Any]]) -> Dict[str, Dict[str, i
                     # Terminal wraps its response in a "content" field
                     if "content" in content_json and isinstance(content_json["content"], dict):
                         inner_content = content_json["content"]
-                        # Check for actual error (non-null error field or non-zero exit code)
-                        has_error = (inner_content.get("error") is not None or 
-                                   inner_content.get("exit_code", 0) != 0)
-                        if has_error:
+                        # Check for actual error (non-null error field)
+                        # Note: non-zero exit codes are not failures - the model can self-correct
+                        if inner_content.get("error") is not None:
                             is_success = False
                     
                     # Check for "success": false pattern used by some tools

model_tools.py

@@ -31,7 +31,9 @@ import asyncio
 from typing import Dict, Any, List, Optional
 
 from tools.web_tools import web_search_tool, web_extract_tool, web_crawl_tool, check_firecrawl_api_key
-from tools.terminal_tool import terminal_tool, check_hecate_requirements, TERMINAL_TOOL_DESCRIPTION
+from tools.simple_terminal_tool import simple_terminal_tool, check_requirements as check_simple_terminal_requirements, SIMPLE_TERMINAL_TOOL_DESCRIPTION
+# Keep old terminal tool for backwards compatibility if needed
+# from tools.terminal_tool import terminal_tool, check_hecate_requirements, TERMINAL_TOOL_DESCRIPTION
 from tools.vision_tools import vision_analyze_tool, check_vision_requirements
 from tools.mixture_of_agents_tool import mixture_of_agents_tool, check_moa_requirements
 from tools.image_generation_tool import image_generate_tool, check_image_generation_requirements
@@ -111,7 +113,7 @@ def get_web_tool_definitions() -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
 def get_terminal_tool_definitions() -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
     """
     Get tool definitions for terminal tools in OpenAI's expected format.
-    
+
     Returns:
         List[Dict]: List of terminal tool definitions compatible with OpenAI API
     """
@@ -120,7 +122,7 @@ def get_terminal_tool_definitions() -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
             "type": "function",
             "function": {
                 "name": "terminal",
-                "description": TERMINAL_TOOL_DESCRIPTION,
+                "description": SIMPLE_TERMINAL_TOOL_DESCRIPTION,
                 "parameters": {
                     "type": "object",
                     "properties": {
@@ -128,28 +130,18 @@ def get_terminal_tool_definitions() -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
                             "type": "string",
                             "description": "The command to execute on the VM"
                         },
-                        "input_keys": {
-                            "type": "string",
-                            "description": "Keystrokes to send to the most recent interactive session (e.g., 'hello\\n' for typing hello + Enter). If no active session exists, this will be ignored."
-                        },
                         "background": {
                             "type": "boolean",
                             "description": "Whether to run the command in the background (default: false)",
                             "default": False
                         },
-                        "idle_threshold": {
-                            "type": "number",
-                            "description": "Seconds to wait for output before considering session idle (default: 5.0)",
-                            "default": 5.0,
-                            "minimum": 0.1
-                        },
                         "timeout": {
                             "type": "integer",
                             "description": "Command timeout in seconds (optional)",
                             "minimum": 1
                         }
                     },
-                    "required": []
+                    "required": ["command"]
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -262,11 +254,11 @@ def get_all_tool_names() -> List[str]:
     # Web tools
     if check_firecrawl_api_key():
         tool_names.extend(["web_search", "web_extract", "web_crawl"])
-    
-    # Terminal tools  
-    if check_hecate_requirements():
+
+    # Terminal tools
+    if check_simple_terminal_requirements():
         tool_names.extend(["terminal"])
-    
+
     # Vision tools
     if check_vision_requirements():
         tool_names.extend(["vision_analyze"])
@@ -346,11 +338,11 @@ def get_tool_definitions(
     if check_firecrawl_api_key():
         for tool in get_web_tool_definitions():
             all_available_tools_map[tool["function"]["name"]] = tool
-    
-    if check_hecate_requirements():
+
+    if check_simple_terminal_requirements():
         for tool in get_terminal_tool_definitions():
             all_available_tools_map[tool["function"]["name"]] = tool
-    
+
     if check_vision_requirements():
         for tool in get_vision_tool_definitions():
             all_available_tools_map[tool["function"]["name"]] = tool
@@ -494,12 +486,10 @@ def handle_terminal_function_call(function_name: str, function_args: Dict[str, A
     """
     if function_name == "terminal":
         command = function_args.get("command")
-        input_keys = function_args.get("input_keys")
         background = function_args.get("background", False)
-        idle_threshold = function_args.get("idle_threshold", 5.0)
         timeout = function_args.get("timeout")
 
-        return terminal_tool(command, input_keys, None, background, idle_threshold, timeout, task_id)
+        return simple_terminal_tool(command=command, background=background, timeout=timeout, task_id=task_id)
 
     else:
         return json.dumps({"error": f"Unknown terminal function: {function_name}"}, ensure_ascii=False)
@@ -681,10 +671,10 @@ def get_available_toolsets() -> Dict[str, Dict[str, Any]]:
             "requirements": ["FIRECRAWL_API_KEY environment variable"]
         },
         "terminal_tools": {
-            "available": check_hecate_requirements(),
-            "tools": ["terminal_tool"],
-            "description": "Execute commands with optional interactive session support on Linux VMs",
-            "requirements": ["MORPH_API_KEY environment variable", "hecate package"]
+            "available": check_simple_terminal_requirements(),
+            "tools": ["simple_terminal_tool"],
+            "description": "Execute commands on secure Linux VMs without session persistence",
+            "requirements": ["MORPH_API_KEY environment variable"]
         },
         "vision_tools": {
             "available": check_vision_requirements(),
@@ -711,13 +701,13 @@ def get_available_toolsets() -> Dict[str, Dict[str, Any]]:
 def check_toolset_requirements() -> Dict[str, bool]:
     """
     Check if all requirements for available toolsets are met.
-    
+
     Returns:
         Dict: Status of each toolset's requirements
     """
     return {
         "web_tools": check_firecrawl_api_key(),
-        "terminal_tools": check_hecate_requirements(),
+        "terminal_tools": check_simple_terminal_requirements(),
         "vision_tools": check_vision_requirements(),
         "moa_tools": check_moa_requirements(),
         "image_tools": check_image_generation_requirements()

run_agent.py

@@ -388,7 +388,7 @@ class AIAgent:
         
         while api_call_count < self.max_iterations:
             api_call_count += 1
-            print(f"\n🔄 Making API call #{api_call_count}...")
+            print(f"\n🔄 Making OpenAI-compatible API call #{api_call_count}...")
             
             # Log request details if verbose
             if self.verbose_logging:
@@ -397,8 +397,8 @@ class AIAgent:
             
             api_start_time = time.time()
             retry_count = 0
-            max_retries = 3
-            
+            max_retries = 6  # Increased to allow longer backoff periods
+
             while retry_count <= max_retries:
                 try:
                     # Prepare messages for API call
@@ -407,30 +407,30 @@ class AIAgent:
                     if active_system_prompt:
                         # Insert system message at the beginning
                         api_messages = [{"role": "system", "content": active_system_prompt}] + api_messages
-                    
+
                     # Make API call with tools
                     response = self.client.chat.completions.create(
                         model=self.model,
                         messages=api_messages,
                         tools=self.tools if self.tools else None,
-                        timeout=60.0  # Add explicit timeout
+                        timeout=300.0  # 5 minute timeout for long-running agent tasks
                     )
-                    
+
                     api_duration = time.time() - api_start_time
-                    print(f"⏱️  API call completed in {api_duration:.2f}s")
-                    
+                    print(f"⏱️  OpenAI-compatible API call completed in {api_duration:.2f}s")
+
                     if self.verbose_logging:
                         logging.debug(f"API Response received - Usage: {response.usage if hasattr(response, 'usage') else 'N/A'}")
-                    
+
                     break  # Success, exit retry loop
-                    
+
                 except Exception as api_error:
                     retry_count += 1
                     if retry_count > max_retries:
                         raise api_error
-                    
-                    wait_time = min(2 ** retry_count, 10)  # Exponential backoff, max 10s
-                    print(f"⚠️  API call failed (attempt {retry_count}/{max_retries}): {str(api_error)[:100]}")
+
+                    wait_time = min(2 ** retry_count, 60)  # Exponential backoff: 2s, 4s, 8s, 16s, 32s, 60s, 60s
+                    print(f"⚠️  OpenAI-compatible API call failed (attempt {retry_count}/{max_retries}): {str(api_error)[:100]}")
                     print(f"⏳ Retrying in {wait_time}s...")
                     logging.warning(f"API retry {retry_count}/{max_retries} after error: {api_error}")
                     time.sleep(wait_time)
@@ -522,11 +522,11 @@ class AIAgent:
                         "content": final_response
                     })
                     
-                    print(f"🎉 Conversation completed after {api_call_count} API call(s)")
+                    print(f"🎉 Conversation completed after {api_call_count} OpenAI-compatible API call(s)")
                     break
                 
             except Exception as e:
-                error_msg = f"Error during API call #{api_call_count}: {str(e)}"
+                error_msg = f"Error during OpenAI-compatible API call #{api_call_count}: {str(e)}"
                 print(f"❌ {error_msg}")
                 
                 if self.verbose_logging:

tools/mixture_of_agents_tool.py

@@ -161,11 +161,11 @@ def _construct_aggregator_prompt(system_prompt: str, responses: List[str]) -> st
 
 
 async def _run_reference_model_safe(
-    model: str, 
-    user_prompt: str, 
+    model: str,
+    user_prompt: str,
     temperature: float = REFERENCE_TEMPERATURE,
     max_tokens: int = 32000,
-    max_retries: int = 3
+    max_retries: int = 6
 ) -> tuple[str, str, bool]:
     """
     Run a single reference model with retry logic and graceful failure handling.
@@ -212,8 +212,8 @@ async def _run_reference_model_safe(
                 print(f"⚠️  {model} unknown error (attempt {attempt + 1}): {error_str}")
                 
             if attempt < max_retries - 1:
-                # Exponential backoff for rate limiting
-                sleep_time = 2 ** attempt
+                # Exponential backoff for rate limiting: 2s, 4s, 8s, 16s, 32s, 60s
+                sleep_time = min(2 ** (attempt + 1), 60)
                 print(f"   Retrying in {sleep_time}s...")
                 await asyncio.sleep(sleep_time)
             else:

tools/simple_terminal_tool.py

@@ -0,0 +1,395 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""
+Simple Terminal Tool Module
+
+A simplified terminal tool that executes commands on MorphCloud VMs without tmux.
+No session persistence, no interactive app support - just simple command execution.
+
+Features:
+- Direct SSH command execution
+- Background task support
+- VM lifecycle management with TTL
+- Automatic cleanup after inactivity
+
+Usage:
+    from simple_terminal_tool import simple_terminal_tool
+
+    # Execute a simple command
+    result = simple_terminal_tool("ls -la")
+
+    # Execute in background
+    result = simple_terminal_tool("python server.py", background=True)
+"""
+
+import json
+import os
+import time
+import threading
+import atexit
+from typing import Optional, Dict, Any
+
+# Tool description for LLM
+SIMPLE_TERMINAL_TOOL_DESCRIPTION = """Execute commands on a secure Linux VM environment.
+
+**Environment:**
+- Minimal Debian-based OS with internet access
+- Automatic VM lifecycle management (creates on-demand, reuses, cleans up)
+- Filesystem is persisted between tool calls but environment variables, venvs, etc are reset.
+
+**Command Execution:**
+- Simple commands: Just provide the 'command' parameter
+- Background processes: Set 'background': True for servers/long-running tasks
+- Command timeout: Optional 'timeout' parameter in seconds
+
+**Examples:**
+- Run command: `{"command": "ls -la"}`
+- Background task: `{"command": "source path/to/my/venv/bin/activate && python server.py", "background": True}`
+- With timeout: `{"command": "long_task.sh", "timeout": 300}`
+
+**Best Practices:**
+- Run servers/long processes in background
+- Monitor disk usage for large tasks
+- Install whatever tools you need with sudo apt-get
+- Do not be afraid to run pip with --break-system-packages
+
+**Things to avoid**
+- Do NOT use interactive tools such as tmux, vim, nano, python repl - you will get stuck. Even git sometimes becomes interactive if the output is large. If you're not sure pipe to cat.
+"""
+
+# Global state for VM lifecycle management
+_active_instances: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+_last_activity: Dict[str, float] = {}
+_instance_lock = threading.Lock()
+_cleanup_thread = None
+_cleanup_running = False
+
+
+def _cleanup_inactive_vms(vm_lifetime_seconds: int = 300):
+    """Clean up VMs that have been inactive for longer than vm_lifetime_seconds."""
+    global _active_instances, _last_activity
+
+    current_time = time.time()
+    tasks_to_cleanup = []
+
+    with _instance_lock:
+        for task_id, last_time in list(_last_activity.items()):
+            if current_time - last_time > vm_lifetime_seconds:
+                tasks_to_cleanup.append(task_id)
+
+        for task_id in tasks_to_cleanup:
+            try:
+                if task_id in _active_instances:
+                    instance = _active_instances[task_id]
+                    if hasattr(instance, 'terminate'):
+                        instance.terminate()
+                    elif hasattr(instance, 'stop'):
+                        instance.stop()
+                    elif hasattr(instance, 'delete'):
+                        instance.delete()
+
+                    del _active_instances[task_id]
+                    print(f"[VM Cleanup] Terminated inactive VM for task: {task_id}")
+
+                if task_id in _last_activity:
+                    del _last_activity[task_id]
+
+            except Exception as e:
+                # 404 errors are benign - VM already cleaned up by TTL
+                error_str = str(e)
+                if "404" in error_str or "InstanceNotFoundError" in error_str or "not found" in error_str.lower():
+                    print(f"[VM Cleanup] VM for task {task_id} already cleaned up (likely TTL expiration)")
+                else:
+                    print(f"[VM Cleanup] Error cleaning up VM for task {task_id}: {e}")
+
+
+def _cleanup_thread_worker():
+    """Background thread worker that periodically cleans up inactive VMs."""
+    global _cleanup_running
+
+    while _cleanup_running:
+        try:
+            vm_lifetime = int(os.getenv("HECATE_VM_LIFETIME_SECONDS", "300"))
+            _cleanup_inactive_vms(vm_lifetime)
+        except Exception as e:
+            print(f"[VM Cleanup] Error in cleanup thread: {e}")
+
+        for _ in range(60):
+            if not _cleanup_running:
+                break
+            time.sleep(1)
+
+
+def _start_cleanup_thread():
+    """Start the background cleanup thread if not already running."""
+    global _cleanup_thread, _cleanup_running
+
+    with _instance_lock:
+        if _cleanup_thread is None or not _cleanup_thread.is_alive():
+            _cleanup_running = True
+            _cleanup_thread = threading.Thread(target=_cleanup_thread_worker, daemon=True)
+            _cleanup_thread.start()
+
+
+def _stop_cleanup_thread():
+    """Stop the background cleanup thread."""
+    global _cleanup_running
+    _cleanup_running = False
+    if _cleanup_thread is not None:
+        _cleanup_thread.join(timeout=5)
+
+
+def cleanup_vm(task_id: str):
+    """Manually clean up a specific VM by task_id."""
+    global _active_instances, _last_activity
+
+    with _instance_lock:
+        try:
+            if task_id in _active_instances:
+                instance = _active_instances[task_id]
+                if hasattr(instance, 'terminate'):
+                    instance.terminate()
+                elif hasattr(instance, 'stop'):
+                    instance.stop()
+                elif hasattr(instance, 'delete'):
+                    instance.delete()
+
+                del _active_instances[task_id]
+                print(f"[VM Cleanup] Manually terminated VM for task: {task_id}")
+
+            if task_id in _last_activity:
+                del _last_activity[task_id]
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            # 404 errors are benign - VM already cleaned up by TTL
+            error_str = str(e)
+            if "404" in error_str or "InstanceNotFoundError" in error_str or "not found" in error_str.lower():
+                print(f"[VM Cleanup] VM for task {task_id} already cleaned up (likely TTL expiration)")
+            else:
+                print(f"[VM Cleanup] Error manually cleaning up VM for task {task_id}: {e}")
+
+
+atexit.register(_stop_cleanup_thread)
+
+
+def _execute_ssh_command(instance, command: str, timeout: Optional[int] = None) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    """
+    Execute a command via SSH on the VM instance.
+
+    Args:
+        instance: MorphVM instance
+        command: Command to execute
+        timeout: Optional timeout in seconds
+
+    Returns:
+        dict with stdout, stderr, returncode
+    """
+    ssh_context_manager = None
+    try:
+        # Use the instance's SSH context manager
+        ssh_context_manager = instance.ssh()
+        ssh_context = ssh_context_manager.__enter__()
+
+        # Execute the command
+        result = ssh_context.run(command, get_pty=False, timeout=timeout or 120)
+
+        # Close the SSH connection
+        if ssh_context_manager:
+            try:
+                ssh_context_manager.__exit__(None, None, None)
+            except:
+                pass
+
+        return {
+            "stdout": result.stdout or "",
+            "stderr": result.stderr or "",
+            "returncode": result.returncode
+        }
+
+    except Exception as e:
+        # Close connection on error
+        if ssh_context_manager:
+            try:
+                ssh_context_manager.__exit__(None, None, None)
+            except:
+                pass
+
+        # Check if it's a timeout
+        error_str = str(e).lower()
+        if "timeout" in error_str:
+            return {
+                "stdout": "",
+                "stderr": f"Command timed out after {timeout or 120} seconds",
+                "returncode": 124
+            }
+
+        return {
+            "stdout": "",
+            "stderr": f"SSH execution failed: {str(e)}",
+            "returncode": -1
+        }
+
+
+def simple_terminal_tool(
+    command: str,
+    background: bool = False,
+    timeout: Optional[int] = None,
+    task_id: Optional[str] = None
+) -> str:
+    """
+    Execute a command on a MorphCloud VM without session persistence.
+
+    Args:
+        command: The command to execute
+        background: Whether to run in background (default: False)
+        timeout: Command timeout in seconds (default: 120)
+        task_id: Unique identifier for VM isolation (optional)
+
+    Returns:
+        str: JSON string with output, exit_code, and error fields
+
+    Examples:
+        # Execute a simple command
+        >>> result = simple_terminal_tool(command="ls -la /tmp")
+
+        # Run a background task
+        >>> result = simple_terminal_tool(command="python server.py", background=True)
+
+        # With custom timeout
+        >>> result = simple_terminal_tool(command="long_task.sh", timeout=300)
+    """
+    global _active_instances, _last_activity
+
+    try:
+        # Import required modules
+        try:
+            from morphcloud.api import MorphCloudClient
+        except ImportError as import_error:
+            return json.dumps({
+                "output": "",
+                "exit_code": -1,
+                "error": f"Terminal tool disabled: {import_error}",
+                "status": "disabled"
+            }, ensure_ascii=False)
+
+        # Get configuration
+        vm_ttl_seconds = int(os.getenv("HECATE_VM_TTL_SECONDS", "1200"))
+        snapshot_id = os.getenv("HECATE_DEFAULT_SNAPSHOT_ID", "snapshot_defv9tjg")
+
+        # Check API key
+        morph_api_key = os.getenv("MORPH_API_KEY")
+        if not morph_api_key:
+            return json.dumps({
+                "output": "",
+                "exit_code": -1,
+                "error": "MORPH_API_KEY environment variable not set",
+                "status": "disabled"
+            }, ensure_ascii=False)
+
+        # Use task_id for VM isolation
+        effective_task_id = task_id or "default"
+
+        # Start cleanup thread
+        _start_cleanup_thread()
+
+        # Get or create VM instance
+        with _instance_lock:
+            if effective_task_id not in _active_instances:
+                morph_client = MorphCloudClient(api_key=morph_api_key)
+                _active_instances[effective_task_id] = morph_client.instances.start(
+                    snapshot_id=snapshot_id,
+                    ttl_seconds=vm_ttl_seconds,
+                    ttl_action="stop"
+                )
+
+            # Update last activity time
+            _last_activity[effective_task_id] = time.time()
+            instance = _active_instances[effective_task_id]
+
+        # Wait for instance to be ready
+        instance.wait_until_ready()
+
+        # Prepare command for execution
+        if background:
+            # Run in background with nohup and redirect output
+            exec_command = f"nohup {command} > /tmp/bg_output.log 2>&1 &"
+            result = _execute_ssh_command(instance, exec_command, timeout=10)
+
+            # For background tasks, return immediately with info
+            if result["returncode"] == 0:
+                return json.dumps({
+                    "output": "Background task started successfully",
+                    "exit_code": 0,
+                    "error": None
+                }, ensure_ascii=False)
+            else:
+                return json.dumps({
+                    "output": result["stdout"],
+                    "exit_code": result["returncode"],
+                    "error": result["stderr"]
+                }, ensure_ascii=False)
+        else:
+            # Run foreground command
+            result = _execute_ssh_command(instance, command, timeout=timeout)
+
+            # Combine stdout and stderr for output
+            output = result["stdout"]
+            if result["stderr"] and result["returncode"] != 0:
+                output = f"{output}\n{result['stderr']}" if output else result["stderr"]
+
+            return json.dumps({
+                "output": output.strip(),
+                "exit_code": result["returncode"],
+                "error": result["stderr"] if result["returncode"] != 0 else None
+            }, ensure_ascii=False)
+
+    except Exception as e:
+        return json.dumps({
+            "output": "",
+            "exit_code": -1,
+            "error": f"Failed to execute command: {str(e)}",
+            "status": "error"
+        }, ensure_ascii=False)
+
+
+def check_requirements() -> bool:
+    """Check if all requirements for the simple terminal tool are met."""
+    required_vars = ["MORPH_API_KEY"]
+    missing_required = [var for var in required_vars if not os.getenv(var)]
+
+    if missing_required:
+        print(f"Missing required environment variables: {', '.join(missing_required)}")
+        return False
+
+    try:
+        from morphcloud.api import MorphCloudClient
+        return True
+    except Exception as e:
+        print(f"MorphCloud not available: {e}")
+        return False
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    """Simple test when run directly."""
+    print("Simple Terminal Tool Module")
+    print("=" * 40)
+
+    if not check_requirements():
+        print("Requirements not met. Please check the messages above.")
+        exit(1)
+
+    print("All requirements met!")
+    print("\nAvailable Tool:")
+    print("  - simple_terminal_tool: Execute commands without session persistence")
+
+    print("\nUsage Examples:")
+    print("  # Execute a command")
+    print("  result = simple_terminal_tool(command='ls -la')")
+    print("  ")
+    print("  # Run a background task")
+    print("  result = simple_terminal_tool(command='python server.py', background=True)")
+
+    print("\nEnvironment Variables:")
+    print(f"  MORPH_API_KEY: {'Set' if os.getenv('MORPH_API_KEY') else 'Not set'}")
+    print(f"  HECATE_VM_TTL_SECONDS: {os.getenv('HECATE_VM_TTL_SECONDS', '1200')} (default: 1200 / 20 minutes)")
+    print(f"  HECATE_VM_LIFETIME_SECONDS: {os.getenv('HECATE_VM_LIFETIME_SECONDS', '300')} (default: 300 / 5 minutes)")
+    print(f"  HECATE_DEFAULT_SNAPSHOT_ID: {os.getenv('HECATE_DEFAULT_SNAPSHOT_ID', 'snapshot_defv9tjg')}")

tools/web_tools.py

@@ -184,10 +184,10 @@ Your goal is to preserve ALL important information while reducing length. Never
 Create a markdown summary that captures all key information in a well-organized, scannable format. Include important quotes and code snippets in their original formatting. Focus on actionable information, specific details, and unique insights."""
 
         # Call the LLM asynchronously with retry logic for flaky API
-        max_retries = 3
+        max_retries = 6
         retry_delay = 2  # Start with 2 seconds
         last_error = None
-        
+
         for attempt in range(max_retries):
             try:
                 response = await nous_client.chat.completions.create(
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ Create a markdown summary that captures all key information in a well-organized,
                     print(f"⚠️  LLM API call failed (attempt {attempt + 1}/{max_retries}): {str(api_error)[:100]}")
                     print(f"   Retrying in {retry_delay}s...")
                     await asyncio.sleep(retry_delay)
-                    retry_delay *= 2  # Exponential backoff: 2s, 4s, 8s
+                    retry_delay = min(retry_delay * 2, 60)  # Exponential backoff: 2s, 4s, 8s, 16s, 32s, 60s
                 else:
                     # All retries exhausted
                     raise last_error