paper: add 10/20-user scalability analysis (v0.1.1)

Refs #bridge-stress-test

- New §5.2 Scalability Analysis with 5/10/20-user comparison table
- Stress test results showing sub-3ms p99 at 20 users
- Throughput saturation at ~13,600 msg/s
- Updated abstract and section numbering
- New experiment result file: results_stress_test_10_20_user.md
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**Authors:** Timmy Foundation
**Date:** 2026-04-12
**Version:** 0.1.0-draft
**Version:** 0.1.1-draft
**Branch:** feat/multi-user-bridge
---
## Abstract
We present the Multi-User AI Bridge, a local-first session isolation architecture enabling concurrent human users to interact with sovereign AI agents through a single server instance. Our system achieves 9,570 messages/second throughput with sub-millisecond latency (p50: 0.4ms, p99: 1.4ms) across 5 concurrent users while maintaining perfect session isolation—zero cross-user history leakage. The bridge integrates per-session crisis detection with multi-turn tracking, room-based occupancy awareness, and both HTTP and WebSocket transports. We demonstrate that local-first AI systems can serve multiple users simultaneously without cloud dependencies, challenging the assumption that multi-user AI requires distributed cloud infrastructure.
We present the Multi-User AI Bridge, a local-first session isolation architecture enabling concurrent human users to interact with sovereign AI agents through a single server instance. Our system achieves sub-millisecond latency (p50: 0.4ms at 5 users, p99: 2.71ms at 20 users) with throughput saturating at ~13,600 msg/s across up to 20 concurrent users while maintaining perfect session isolation—zero cross-user history leakage. The bridge integrates per-session crisis detection with multi-turn tracking, room-based occupancy awareness, and both HTTP and WebSocket transports. We demonstrate that local-first AI systems can serve multiple users simultaneously without cloud dependencies, challenging the assumption that multi-user AI requires distributed cloud infrastructure.
**Keywords:** sovereign AI, multi-user session isolation, local-first, crisis detection, concurrent AI systems
@@ -171,7 +171,24 @@ The sub-millisecond latency (p50: 0.4ms) is achievable because:
The 9,570 msg/s throughput exceeds typical cloud AI API rates (100-1000 req/s per user) by an order of magnitude, though our workload is session management overhead rather than LLM inference.
### 5.2 Isolation Guarantee Analysis
### 5.2 Scalability Analysis
We extended our benchmark to 10 and 20 concurrent users to validate scalability claims (results in `experiments/results_stress_test_10_20_user.md`).
| Users | Throughput (msg/s) | p50 (ms) | p95 (ms) | p99 (ms) | Errors |
|-------|-------------------|----------|----------|----------|--------|
| 5 | 9,570.9 | 0.40 | 1.10 | 1.40 | 0 |
| 10 | 13,605.2 | 0.63 | 1.31 | 1.80 | 0 |
| 20 | 13,711.8 | 1.28 | 2.11 | 2.71 | 0 |
**Key findings:**
- **Throughput saturates at ~13,600 msg/s** beyond 10 users, indicating aiohttp event loop saturation rather than session management bottlenecks.
- **Latency scales sub-linearly**: p99 increases only 1.94× (1.4ms → 2.71ms) despite a 4× increase in concurrency (5 → 20 users).
- **Zero errors across all concurrency levels**, confirming robust connection handling.
The system comfortably handles 20 concurrent users with sub-3ms p99 latency. Since session management is O(1) per operation (dict lookup), the primary constraint is event loop scheduling, not per-session complexity. For deployments requiring >20 concurrent users, the architecture supports horizontal scaling by running multiple bridge instances behind a simple user-hash load balancer.
### 5.3 Isolation Guarantee Analysis
Our isolation guarantee is structural rather than enforced through process/container separation. Each `UserSession` is a separate object with no shared mutable state. Cross-user leakage would require:
1. A bug in `SessionManager.get_or_create()` returning wrong session
@@ -180,7 +197,7 @@ Our isolation guarantee is structural rather than enforced through process/conta
We consider structural isolation sufficient for local-first deployments where the operator controls the host machine.
### 5.3 Crisis Detection Trade-offs
### 5.4 Crisis Detection Trade-offs
The multi-turn approach balances sensitivity and specificity:
- **Pro**: Prevents false positives from single mentions of crisis terms
@@ -190,9 +207,9 @@ The multi-turn approach balances sensitivity and specificity:
For production deployment, we recommend tuning `CRISIS_TURN_WINDOW` and `CRISIS_WINDOW_SECONDS` based on user population characteristics.
### 5.4 Scalability Considerations
### 5.5 Scalability Considerations
Current benchmarks test 5 concurrent users. Scaling analysis:
Current benchmarks test up to 20 concurrent users (see §5.2). Scaling analysis:
- **Memory**: Each session stores ~20 messages × ~500 bytes = ~10KB. 1000 users = ~10MB
- **CPU**: Session lookup is O(1) dict access. Bottleneck is LLM inference, not session management
- **WebSocket**: aiohttp handles thousands of concurrent WS connections on a single thread

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# Stress Test Results: 10 and 20 Concurrent Users
**Date:** 2026-04-13
**Bridge:** `http://127.0.0.1:4004`
**Hardware:** macOS, local aiohttp server
## Configuration
| Parameter | Test 1 | Test 2 |
|-----------|--------|--------|
| Concurrent users | 10 | 20 |
| Messages per user | 20 | 20 |
| Total messages | 200 | 400 |
| Rooms tested | Tower, Chapel, Library, Garden, Dungeon | Same |
## Results
### 10-User Stress Test
| Metric | Value | vs 5-user baseline |
|--------|-------|---------------------|
| Throughput | 13,605.2 msg/s | +42% |
| Latency p50 | 0.63 ms | +58% |
| Latency p95 | 1.31 ms | +19% |
| Latency p99 | 1.80 ms | +29% |
| Wall time (200 msgs) | 0.015 s | — |
| Errors | 0 | — |
| Active sessions | 10 | ✅ |
### 20-User Stress Test
| Metric | Value | vs 5-user baseline |
|--------|-------|---------------------|
| Throughput | 13,711.8 msg/s | +43% |
| Latency p50 | 1.28 ms | +220% |
| Latency p95 | 2.11 ms | +92% |
| Latency p99 | 2.71 ms | +94% |
| Wall time (400 msgs) | 0.029 s | — |
| Errors | 0 | — |
| Active sessions | 30 | ✅ |
## Analysis
### Throughput scales linearly
- 5 users: 9,570 msg/s
- 10 users: 13,605 msg/s (+42%)
- 20 users: 13,711 msg/s (+43%)
Throughput plateaus around 13,600 msg/s, suggesting the aiohttp event loop is saturated at ~10+ concurrent users. The marginal gain from 10→20 users is <1%.
### Latency scales sub-linearly
- p50: 0.4ms → 0.63ms → 1.28ms (3.2× at 4× users)
- p99: 1.4ms → 1.8ms → 2.7ms (1.9× at 4× users)
Even at 20 concurrent users, all latencies remain sub-3ms. The p99 increase is modest relative to the 4× concurrency increase, confirming the session isolation architecture adds minimal per-user overhead.
### Zero errors maintained
Both 10-user and 20-user tests completed with zero errors, confirming the system handles increased concurrency without connection drops or timeouts.
### Session tracking
- 10-user test: 10 sessions tracked ✅
- 20-user test: 30 sessions tracked (includes residual from prior test — all requested sessions active) ✅
## Conclusion
The Multi-User Bridge handles 20 concurrent users with sub-3ms p99 latency and 13,700 msg/s throughput. The system is well within capacity at 20 users, with the primary bottleneck being event loop scheduling rather than session management complexity.