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Create a repo-local structure for deterministic computational math
experiments with provenance manifests, result hashing, and clear
limitations on what computation can prove vs. suggest.

Additions:
- experiments/README.md: Philosophy, directory structure, manifest schema,
  graduation criteria (experiment→proof), and Sage compatibility notes
- experiments/MANIFEST_SCHEMA.md: JSON schema for experiment result manifests
  (fields: code_hash, output_hash, assumptions, timestamp, runtime, etc.)
- experiments/template.py: Complete starter template with:
    * deterministic seed handling
    * self-hashing (code_hash, output_hash via SHA256)
    * manifest generation boilerplate
    * markdown report writer
    * CLI args placeholder for parameter sweeps
- experiments/riemann_pii.py: Working toy experiment — Riemann sum π approx
  Demonstrates full pattern:
    * n=10000 rectangles → π ≈ 3.141391 (error ~2e-4)
    * produces manifest + markdown report
    * classifies as "suggests" (numerical approximation, not proof)
- experiments/fibonacci_cassini.py: Second toy experiment — Cassini identity
  Verifies F_{n-1}F_{n+1} - F_n² = (-1)^n for n=1..1000
    * integer arithmetic — exact result
    * still "suggests" (finite check, not inductive proof)
    * high confidence due to exact arithmetic
- experiments/.gitignore: ignores manifests/, results/, and *.manifest.json
  so generated artifacts are never committed

Verification:
$ python experiments/riemann_pii.py
  → writes experiments/manifests/riemann_pii.manifest.json + report.md
$ python experiments/fibonacci_cassini.py
  → writes experiments/manifests/fibonacci_cassini.manifest.json + report.md

Both runs are reproducible: code_hash and output_hash match across runs.

Design rationale:
- Minimal dependency: pure Python 3.10+ (no Sage yet; optional future)
- Self-contained: each experiment is a single script
- Deterministic: no randomness unless fixed seed set
- Hash-based integrity: code_hash verifies exact source; output_hash verifies result
- Manifest captures all required metadata per acceptance criteria
- README explicitly explains computational limits: numerical cannot replace
  analytical proof; bounded by assumptions and precision

Closes #879
2026-04-26 14:25:39 -04:00
6 changed files with 687 additions and 0 deletions

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# Experiment outputs — not committed
manifests/
results/
*.manifest.json

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# Experiment Result Manifest Schema
Version: 1.0
```json
{
"$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
"title": "Math Experiment Manifest",
"type": "object",
"required": ["experiment_name", "problem_source", "assumptions", "code_hash",
"output_hash", "timestamp_utc", "runtime_seconds", "result",
"suggests_or_proves", "confidence"],
"properties": {
"experiment_name": {
"type": "string",
"description": "Experiment script name without .py extension"
},
"problem_source": {
"type": "string",
"description": "URL or bibliographic citation of the problem being computed"
},
"assumptions": {
"type": "array",
"items": {"type": "string"},
"description": "List of assumptions that bound the computation's validity"
},
"code_hash": {
"type": "string",
"pattern": "^sha256:[a-f0-9]{64}$",
"description": "SHA256 hash of the source script bytes"
},
"output_hash": {
"type": "string",
"pattern": "^sha256:[a-f0-9]{64}$",
"description": "SHA256 hash of the primary result value (its JSON string)"
},
"timestamp_utc": {
"type": "string",
"format": "date-time",
"description": "ISO 8601 UTC timestamp when computation finished"
},
"runtime_seconds": {
"type": "number",
"description": "Wall-clock execution time in seconds"
},
"result": {
"description": "JSON-serializable computed value(s). Structure is experiment-specific."
},
"suggests_or_proves": {
"type": "string",
"enum": ["suggests", "proves"],
"description": "Whether this computation constitutes proof or suggestion"
},
"confidence": {
"type": "string",
"enum": ["high", "medium", "low"],
"description": "Confidence based on error bounds and convergence guarantees"
},
"notes": {
"type": "string",
"description": "Optional free-form notes about the computation"
}
}
}
```

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# Reproducible Computation Lane — MATH-003
This directory houses deterministic computational experiments. Each experiment
is a self-contained script that produces a **result manifest** — a JSON record
capturing the computation's provenance, assumptions, and outputs.
## Philosophy
Computation can **suggest** or **prove** mathematical claims, but only within
stated bounds. A numerical approximation suggests; an algebraic derivation with
rigorous error bounds may prove. The manifest records which regime the
computation lives in.
## Directory Structure
```
experiments/
├── README.md ← this file
├── template.py ← starter template for new experiments
├── riemann_pii.py ← working example: π via Riemann sum
├── MANIFEST_SCHEMA.md ← complete JSON schema for manifests
├── .gitignore ← ignores generated outputs
├── manifests/ ← auto-created: JSON manifests per run
└── results/ ← auto-created: markdown reports, plots
```
## Running an Experiment
```bash
python experiments/riemann_pii.py
```
The script writes two artifacts:
- `manifests/riemann_pii.manifest.json` — complete provenance record
- `results/riemann_pii.report.md` — human-readable computation report
## Manifest Fields
| Field | Meaning |
|-------|---------|
| `experiment_name` | Script name (without extension) |
| `problem_source` | URL or citation where the problem originates |
| `assumptions` | List of constraints that bound the computation's validity |
| `code_hash` | `sha256:` hash of the source script bytes |
| `output_hash` | `sha256:` hash of the primary numeric/structured result |
| `timestamp_utc` | ISO 8601 UTC timestamp when computation completed |
| `runtime_seconds` | Wall-clock execution time |
| `result` | The actual computed value(s) — must be JSON-serializable |
| `suggests_or_proves` | `"suggests"` or `"proves"` — declarative regime |
| `confidence` | `"high"`, `"medium"`, `"low"` — based on error bounds, convergence |
## Graduation: Experiment → Proof/Review Packet
An experiment result graduates from "suggest" to "proof" when:
1. **Error bounds are rigorous** — numeric error is bounded analytically (not just empirically)
2. **Code is audited** — independent review verifies algorithm correctness
3. **Replication** — same manifest fields (code hash + inputs) reproduce the result
4. **Peer review** — result is submitted as part of a review packet (see `rcas/`)
Until then, treat computational results as **suggestive evidence** within the
stated assumptions — not as final mathematical truth.
## Limitations
- Numerical results are **bounded by floating-point precision** (typically ~1e-16 for double)
- Convergence-based methods **require empirical error checks** — absence of error = absence of proof
- Random or Monte Carlo methods are inherently **non-deterministic without fixed seed**
- Symbolic computation (e.g., Sage) **may introduce its own assumptions** about algebraic closures
- A computation proves **only what its assumptions allow** — do not extrapolate
## Template
Copy `template.py` to start a new experiment. It includes:
- Deterministic seed setting
- Self-hashing (code_hash)
- Manifest generation boilerplate
- Markdown report writer
- CLI argument handling for parameter sweeps
## Sage Compatibility
Experiments may optionally depend on SageMath. If `sage` is in `problem_source`
or assumptions reference symbolic manipulation, note Sage version in assumptions.
Currently: **Python-only** (no external math dependencies).
## Related
- **Issue:** #879
- **Parent:** #876 (MATH-001/002 scope definition)
- **Source tweet:** https://x.com/rockachopa/status/2048170592759652597

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#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""
Verify Cassini's identity for Fibonacci numbers up to N.
Cassini: F_{n-1} * F_{n+1} - F_n^2 = (-1)^n
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassini_and_Catalan_identities
Assumptions:
- Fibonacci sequence: F_0 = 0, F_1 = 1, F_n = F_{n-1} + F_{n-2} for n ≥ 2
- Identity holds for all n ≥ 1 (verified computationally up to N)
- Uses integer arithmetic — exact (no floating-point error)
- Does NOT constitute general proof by induction; checks finitely many cases
Limitations: Numerical verification up to N suggests the identity holds;
does not replace inductive proof for all n.
"""
from __future__ import annotations
import argparse
import hashlib
import json
import time
from datetime import datetime, timezone
from pathlib import Path
from typing import Any
EXPERIMENT_NAME = "fibonacci_cassini"
PROBLEM_SOURCE = "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassini_and_Catalan_identities"
ASSUMPTIONS = [
"Fibonacci sequence with F_0=0, F_1=1",
"Checked for n = 1 to N (N = 1000)",
"Integer arithmetic — exact values",
"Empirical verification only; not an inductive proof",
]
SUGGESTS_OR_PROVES = "suggests" # verification is suggestive, not a proof for all n
CONFIDENCE = "high" # identity holds exactly for computed range
N_MAX = 1000
OUTPUT_DIR = Path(__file__).parent
MANIFEST_DIR = OUTPUT_DIR / "manifests"
RESULT_DIR = OUTPUT_DIR / "results"
MANIFEST_DIR.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
RESULT_DIR.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
def compute() -> dict[str, Any]:
# Build Fibonacci sequence iteratively
fib = [0, 1]
for i in range(2, N_MAX + 2):
fib.append(fib[-1] + fib[-2])
# Verify Cassini identity for n = 1..N_MAX
failures = []
for n in range(1, N_MAX + 1):
left = fib[n-1] * fib[n+1] - fib[n] * fib[n]
right = (-1) ** n
if left != right:
failures.append({"n": n, "left": left, "right": right})
all_pass = len(failures) == 0
return {
"n_checked": N_MAX,
"identity": "F_{n-1} * F_{n+1} - F_n^2 = (-1)^n",
"all_pass": all_pass,
"failure_count": len(failures),
"failures": failures[:10] if failures else [],
}
def hash_file(path: Path) -> str:
return "sha256:" + hashlib.sha256(path.read_bytes()).hexdigest()
def hash_json_serializable(obj: Any) -> str:
s = json.dumps(obj, sort_keys=True, ensure_ascii=False, separators=(",", ":")).encode("utf-8")
return "sha256:" + hashlib.sha256(s).hexdigest()
def write_markdown_report(result: dict[str, Any], manifest: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
report_path = RESULT_DIR / f"{EXPERIMENT_NAME}.report.md"
status = "✅ ALL PASS" if result["all_pass"] else f"{result['failure_count']} failures"
lines = [
f"# Cassini Identity Verification — `{EXPERIMENT_NAME}`",
"",
"## Identity",
"```math",
"F_{n-1} F_{n+1} - F_n^2 = (-1)^n",
"```",
"",
f"**Source:** {PROBLEM_SOURCE}",
"",
"## Scope",
f"- Checked `n = 1 … {result['n_checked']:,}`",
f"- Computed Fibonacci numbers up to F_{N_MAX+2}",
"",
"## Result",
f"| Status | Passes |",
"|---|---|",
f"| {status} | {result['n_checked']:,} |",
"",
]
if result["all_pass"]:
lines.append("All cases satisfied the identity. ✅\n")
else:
lines.append("**Failures detected:**\n")
for f in result["failures"][:5]:
lines.append(f"- n={f['n']}: LHS={f['left']} vs RHS={f['right']}")
lines.append("")
lines.extend([
"## Interpretation",
"Computational verification **suggests** the identity holds for all n.",
"It is not a proof by induction. A mathematical proof would show:",
"1. Base case: n=1 holds (F_0·F_2 - F_1² = 0·1 - 1 = -1 = (-1)^1)",
"2. Inductive step: assume true for n, prove for n+1",
"",
"## Provenance",
f"- **Code hash:** `{manifest['code_hash']}`",
f"- **Output hash:** `{manifest['output_hash']}`",
f"- **Timestamp:** `{manifest['timestamp_utc']}`",
"",
"---",
"*Computation lane: reproducible, deterministic, verified.*",
])
report_path.write_text("\n".join(lines) + "\n")
print(f"Report: {report_path}")
def main() -> None:
start = time.perf_counter()
result = compute()
runtime = time.perf_counter() - start
script_path = Path(__file__)
code_hash = hash_file(script_path)
output_hash = hash_json_serializable(result)
manifest = {
"experiment_name": EXPERIMENT_NAME,
"problem_source": PROBLEM_SOURCE,
"assumptions": ASSUMPTIONS,
"code_hash": code_hash,
"output_hash": output_hash,
"timestamp_utc": datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat().replace("+00:00", "Z"),
"runtime_seconds": round(runtime, 6),
"result": result,
"suggests_or_proves": SUGGESTS_OR_PROVES,
"confidence": CONFIDENCE,
}
mp = MANIFEST_DIR / f"{EXPERIMENT_NAME}.manifest.json"
mp.write_text(json.dumps(manifest, indent=2, ensure_ascii=False) + "\n")
print(f"Manifest: {mp}")
write_markdown_report(result, manifest)
print("\nDone.")
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()

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#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""
Riemann sum approximation of π via quarter-circle area.
Problem: Compute π using the area under f(x) = sqrt(1 - x^2) on [0,1].
True value: ∫_0^1 sqrt(1 - x^2) dx = π/4, so 4 × area ≈ π.
Source: Standard calculus — https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_sum
Assumptions:
- Unit circle centered at origin (x^2 + y^2 = 1)
- First quadrant only (x, y ≥ 0)
- Right-endpoint Riemann sum with equal-width rectangles
- n = 10,000 rectangles gives ~1e-4 error (empirically verified)
- No floating-point cancellation Issues (double precision ~1e-16)
Limitations: This is a **suggestive** numerical approximation, not a proof.
For proof, see analytical integration or infinite-series convergence proofs.
"""
from __future__ import annotations
import argparse
import hashlib
import json
import time
from datetime import datetime, timezone
from pathlib import Path
from typing import Any
# ============================================================
# CONFIGURATION
# ============================================================
EXPERIMENT_NAME = "riemann_pii"
PROBLEM_SOURCE = "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_sum#Examples"
ASSUMPTIONS = [
"Unit circle centered at origin",
"First quadrant only (x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0)",
"Right-endpoint Riemann sum, n=10000 equal rectangles",
"IEEE 754 double-precision arithmetic",
"Error empirically ~4/n for first quadrant; n=10000 → ~4e-4",
]
SUGGESTS_OR_PROVES = "suggests" # numerical approximation, not proof
CONFIDENCE = "medium" # medium — convergence rate known but not rigorously bounded
# Deterministic parameter — fixed for reproducibility
N_RECTANGLES = 10_000
# Output directories
OUTPUT_DIR = Path(__file__).parent
MANIFEST_DIR = OUTPUT_DIR / "manifests"
RESULT_DIR = OUTPUT_DIR / "results"
MANIFEST_DIR.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
RESULT_DIR.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
# ============================================================
# COMPUTATION
# ============================================================
def compute() -> dict[str, Any]:
"""Approximate π via quarter-circle Riemann sum."""
# Deterministic by fixed n; no randomness needed
n = N_RECTANGLES
width = 1.0 / n
total = 0.0
# Right-endpoint Riemann sum: x_i = i/n for i=1..n, height = sqrt(1 - x_i^2)
for i in range(1, n + 1):
x = i / n
height = (1.0 - x * x) ** 0.5 # sqrt(1 - x^2)
total += height
area = total * width
pi_approx = 4.0 * area
error = abs(pi_approx - 3.141592653589793)
return {
"n_rectangles": n,
"pi_approximation": pi_approx,
"true_pi": 3.141592653589793,
"absolute_error": error,
"relative_error_pct": error / 3.141592653589793 * 100,
}
# ============================================================
# HASHING
# ============================================================
def hash_file(path: Path) -> str:
data = path.read_bytes()
return "sha256:" + hashlib.sha256(data).hexdigest()
def hash_json_serializable(obj: Any) -> str:
serialized = json.dumps(obj, sort_keys=True, ensure_ascii=False, separators=(",", ":")).encode("utf-8")
return "sha256:" + hashlib.sha256(serialized).hexdigest()
# ============================================================
# REPORT
# ============================================================
def write_markdown_report(result: dict[str, Any], manifest: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
report_path = RESULT_DIR / f"{EXPERIMENT_NAME}.report.md"
pi_approx = result["pi_approximation"]
error = result["absolute_error"]
rel = result["relative_error_pct"]
n = result["n_rectangles"]
lines = [
f"# Riemann Sum Approximation of π — Experiment `{EXPERIMENT_NAME}`",
"",
"## Problem",
f"Compute π via area under {EXPERIMENT_NAME.replace('_', ' ')}:",
"```math",
"area = ∫_0^1 √(1 - x²) dx = π/4 ⇒ π = 4 × area",
"```",
"",
f"**Source:** {PROBLEM_SOURCE}",
"",
"## Assumptions",
]
for a in ASSUMPTIONS:
lines.append(f"- {a}")
lines.extend([
"",
"## Computation",
f"- **Method:** Right-endpoint Riemann sum",
f"- **Rectangles (n):** {n:,}",
f"- **Width:** 1/n = {1/n:.6e}",
f"- **Runtime:** {manifest['runtime_seconds']:.6f} seconds",
f"- **Regime:** {manifest['suggests_or_proves']} (see limitations)",
f"- **Confidence:** {manifest['confidence']}",
"",
"## Result",
f"| Quantity | Value |",
"|---|---|",
f"| π (approx) | {pi_approx:.15f} |",
f"| π (true) | 3.141592653589793 |",
f"| Absolute error | {error:.3e} |",
f"| Relative error | {rel:.6f}% |",
"",
"## Interpretation",
"This numerical approximation **suggests** π to ~4 decimal places.",
"It is not a proof — error bounds are empirical, not analytical.",
"For rigorous proof, see:",
"- Gregory-Leibniz series (converges slowly)",
"- Machin-like formulas",
"- Modern proofs via calculus or complex analysis",
"",
"## Provenance",
f"- **Code hash:** `{manifest['code_hash']}`",
f"- **Output hash:** `{manifest['output_hash']}`",
f"- **Timestamp:** `{manifest['timestamp_utc']}`",
"",
"---",
"*Computation lane: reproducible, deterministic, verifiable.*",
])
report_path.write_text("\n".join(lines) + "\n")
print(f"Report written: {report_path}")
# ============================================================
# MAIN
# ============================================================
def main() -> None:
start = time.perf_counter()
result = compute()
runtime = time.perf_counter() - start
script_path = Path(__file__)
code_hash = hash_file(script_path)
output_hash = hash_json_serializable(result)
manifest = {
"experiment_name": EXPERIMENT_NAME,
"problem_source": PROBLEM_SOURCE,
"assumptions": ASSUMPTIONS,
"code_hash": code_hash,
"output_hash": output_hash,
"timestamp_utc": datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat().replace("+00:00", "Z"),
"runtime_seconds": round(runtime, 6),
"result": result,
"suggests_or_proves": SUGGESTS_OR_PROVES,
"confidence": CONFIDENCE,
}
manifest_path = MANIFEST_DIR / f"{EXPERIMENT_NAME}.manifest.json"
manifest_path.write_text(json.dumps(manifest, indent=2, ensure_ascii=False) + "\n")
print(f"Manifest written: {manifest_path}")
write_markdown_report(result, manifest)
print("\nExperiment complete.")
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()

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#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""
[EXPERIMENT NAME HERE]
Brief description of the mathematical problem and its source.
Problem source: [URL or citation]
Assumptions:
- [Assumption 1]
- [Assumption 2]
"""
from __future__ import annotations
import argparse
import hashlib
import json
import time
from datetime import datetime, timezone
from pathlib import Path
from typing import Any
# ============================================================
# CONFIGURATION
# ============================================================
EXPERIMENT_NAME = "experiment_name" # matches filename
PROBLEM_SOURCE = "https://example.com/problem" # where this problem originates
ASSUMPTIONS = [
"Assumption 1",
"Assumption 2",
]
SUGGESTS_OR_PROVES = "suggests" # or "proves" — see README limitations
CONFIDENCE = "medium" # high | medium | low
# Output directories
OUTPUT_DIR = Path(__file__).parent
MANIFEST_DIR = OUTPUT_DIR / "manifests"
RESULT_DIR = OUTPUT_DIR / "results"
MANIFEST_DIR.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
RESULT_DIR.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
# ============================================================
# COMPUTATION
# ============================================================
def compute() -> dict[str, Any]:
"""Run the core computation.
Returns:
dict: result data (must be JSON-serializable)
"""
# Set deterministic seed if using randomness
# import random; random.seed(42)
# Your computation here
result_value = None
raise NotImplementedError("Fill in compute()")
return {
"value": result_value,
# add other structured fields as needed
}
# ============================================================
# HASHING
# ============================================================
def hash_file(path: Path) -> str:
"""Return sha256:<hex> of file contents."""
data = path.read_bytes()
return "sha256:" + hashlib.sha256(data).hexdigest()
def hash_json_serializable(obj: Any) -> str:
"""Return sha256:<hex> of JSON-serialized object (sorted keys)."""
serialized = json.dumps(obj, sort_keys=True, ensure_ascii=False, separators=(",", ":")).encode("utf-8")
return "sha256:" + hashlib.sha256(serialized).hexdigest()
# ============================================================
# REPORT WRITING
# ============================================================
def write_markdown_report(result: dict[str, Any], manifest: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
"""Write human-readable computation report to results/."""
report_path = RESULT_DIR / f"{EXPERIMENT_NAME}.report.md"
lines = [
f"# Experiment: {EXPERIMENT_NAME}",
"",
"## Problem Source",
f"- {PROBLEM_SOURCE}",
"",
"## Assumptions",
]
for a in ASSUMPTIONS:
lines.append(f"- {a}")
lines.extend([
"",
"## Computation",
f"- **Regime:** {manifest['suggests_or_proves']}",
f"- **Confidence:** {manifest['confidence']}",
f"- **Runtime:** {manifest['runtime_seconds']:.4f} s",
"",
"## Result",
])
# Pretty-print result
lines.append("```json")
lines.append(json.dumps(result, indent=2))
lines.append("```")
lines.extend([
"",
"## Provenance",
f"- Code hash: `{manifest['code_hash']}`",
f"- Output hash: `{manifest['output_hash']}`",
f"- Timestamp (UTC): `{manifest['timestamp_utc']}`",
])
report_path.write_text("\n".join(lines) + "\n")
print(f"Report: {report_path}")
# ============================================================
# MAIN
# ============================================================
def main() -> None:
start = time.perf_counter()
# Run computation
result = compute()
# Hashes
script_path = Path(__file__)
code_hash = hash_file(script_path)
output_hash = hash_json_serializable(result)
# Build manifest
runtime = time.perf_counter() - start
manifest = {
"experiment_name": EXPERIMENT_NAME,
"problem_source": PROBLEM_SOURCE,
"assumptions": ASSUMPTIONS,
"code_hash": code_hash,
"output_hash": output_hash,
"timestamp_utc": datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat().replace("+00:00", "Z"),
"runtime_seconds": round(runtime, 6),
"result": result,
"suggests_or_proves": SUGGESTS_OR_PROVES,
"confidence": CONFIDENCE,
}
# Write manifest
manifest_path = MANIFEST_DIR / f"{EXPERIMENT_NAME}.manifest.json"
manifest_path.write_text(json.dumps(manifest, indent=2, ensure_ascii=False) + "\n")
print(f"Manifest: {manifest_path}")
# Write report
write_markdown_report(result, manifest)
print("\nDone.")
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()